Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, plays a crucial role in several key functions within the body. It is essential for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body, and for the synthesis of DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Vitamin B12 is also vital for neurological function, helping to maintain the health of nerves and the myelin sheath that surrounds them. It is involved in energy production, supporting metabolism and the utilization of fats and proteins. Vitamin B12 deficiency can affect major body organs. Here’s how:
Lack of vitamin B12 can affect neurological function
Vitamin B12 deficiency can damage myelin sheath, the protective coating, around nerves, leading to tingling, numbness, and sensory disturbances, especially in the hands and feet. Individuals may experience sensations of pins and needles or a burning feeling in the extremities, which can be a result of nerve damage due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can affect brain health
Vitamin B12 deficiency lead to memory problems, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and even dementia in severe cases. Some individuals may experience mood changes, depression, irritability, and psychosis due to vitamin B12 deficiency affecting neurotransmitter function.
Anemia is a dangerous complication of Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to megaloblastic anemia, where red blood cells become abnormally large and ineffective in carrying oxygen. Individuals may experience fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath. In severe cases, deficiency can cause a reduction in all types of blood cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets), increasing susceptibility to infections, easy bruising, and bleeding.
Your heart is at risk if you your body does not have enough Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 deficiency can elevate homocysteine levels, an amino acid linked to cardiovascular disease. High homocysteine levels contribute to endothelial dysfunction, arterial damage, and increased risk of conditions such as coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. Vitamin B12 deficiency-related anemia can strain the heart, as it works harder to compensate for reduced oxygen-carrying capacity in the blood.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can affect gut and oral health
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause inflammation of the tongue (glossitis) and sores or ulcers in the mouth. Some individuals may experience digestive disturbances, such as diarrhea or constipation.
What causes Vitamin B12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 is primarily found in animal-based foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Vegans, vegetarians who don’t consume enough dairy or eggs, and individuals with poor dietary habits may be at risk. Conditions affecting the stomach, such as pernicious anemia (an autoimmune condition affecting the stomach lining), gastric bypass surgery, or certain medications, can impair the absorption of vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor is a protein produced in the stomach necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. Conditions that reduce intrinsic factor production, such as pernicious anemia or gastric surgery, can lead to deficiency.
Subtle ways your body reacts when there is insufficient vitamin B12
Mild and early symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency can be subtle but impactful. They often include fatigue and weakness, which may be attributed to other causes initially. Numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, sometimes described as pins and needles sensations, can occur. Mood changes such as irritability or mild depression may also manifest early on. Individuals might experience difficulty concentrating or remembering things, which can affect daily activities.
