The centrist D66 party made huge gains in Dutch elections, likely giving it the lead in government formation as the party of far-right leader Geert Wilders lost support.
With 90% of the votes counted early on Thursday, D66 and Wilders’ Freedom Party (PVV) were both projected to take 26 seats in the 150-seat lower house of parliament.
It was a sharp fall for Wilders from a record showing in 2023, while D66 made the biggest gains and almost tripled its seats.
Exit polls and early results had indicated a narrow victory for the progressive D66, with Wilders trailing in second place. But vote counting indicated a slightly stronger showing for the anti-immigration firebrand.
The shift in the early hours of Thursday is unlikely to alter the composition of the next government coalition. All major mainstream parties have ruled out governing with Wilders after he brought down the last coalition led by his PVV.
The result instead opens a path for D66 leader Rob Jetten, 38, to form a government as the youngest ever prime minister of the Netherlands.
“We have today achieved D66’s best ever result,” Jetten told jubilant supporters at the party’s election gathering in Leiden. “Millions of Dutch people have turned a page. They have said goodbye to the politics of negativity, of hate, of ‘it can’t be done.’
“Let’s also turn the page on Wilders and work on a splendid future for our beautiful country … in the coming years, we will do everything we can to show all Dutch people … that politics and the government can be there for them again,” he added.
The election was triggered by Wilders pulling the PVV out of the government in June, less than a year after it took office, after the partners refused to endorse his radical anti-refugee plans, widely seen as unworkable or illegal or both.
Wilders acknowledged his party was unlikely to be part of the new government, but said his decision to quit was justified. “The voter has spoken. We had hoped for a different outcome but we stuck to our guns,” he posted on social media.
Under the proportional Dutch system, 0.67% of the vote yields one MP, a bar that was cleared by 15 of the 27 parties contesting the election – which included parties for the over-50s, for youth, for animals, for a universal basic income and for sport.
That fragmentation means no single party ever wins a majority, and the country has been governed by coalitions – made up, in its three most recent governments, of four parties – for more than a century. The next government will be no different.
“When it comes to forming a new government in the Netherlands, election results are not the end, they’re the start,” said Rem Korteweg of the Clingendael Institute in The Hague. “The cards have been shuffled. Now the negotiations can begin.”
The centre-left GreenLeft/Labour alliance (GL/PvdA) had a poor night, finishing fourth with 20 seats – five fewer than in the outgoing parliament and than polls had predicted – prompting the party leader, Frans Timmermans, to step down.
The veteran former European Commission vice-president said he took “full responsibility” for the result, adding: “It is time for me to take a step back and hand over the leadership of our movement to the next generation.”
But the centre-right Christian Democrats (CDA), who also campaigned on a return to “decent” and “responsible” politics in the Netherlands after the most extreme government in the country’s recent history, nearly quadrupled their seat tally to 19.
With 76 seats needed to form a governing coalition, one possible scenario could be a broad-based alliance involving D66, CDA, GL/PvdA and the liberal-conservative VVD – the only member of the outgoing government not to lose heavily - with 22 seats, two fewer than in the previous parliament.
That could be hard to negotiate, however, as the VVD opposes a tie-up with the centre-left GL/PvdA. The VVD leader, Dilon Yeşilgöz, has “repeatedly said she wants a rightwing coalition”, noted Armida van Rij of the Centre for European Reform.
An alternative, more rightwing constellation might bring in the radical right JA21, which gained eight seats to finish on nine. Unlike the VVD, all other outgoing coalition members lost heavily, with one, New Social Contract, failing to win any seats at all.
In a campaign dominated by migration, healthcare costs and the Netherlands’ acute housing crisis, Wilders’ PVV had led consistently in the polls until days before the election, when the mainstream centre-left to moderate right parties caught up.
Wilders had said “democracy would be dead” if the PVV ended up as the largest party and was shut out of government. His opponents said first place did not guarantee government and any coalition with a majority is democratic.
Coalition-building in the Netherlands can take months. After the vote, an informateur tests possible options that could command a majority. Potential partners then negotiate an agreement and must undergo a confidence vote in parliament.
Whatever the future cabinet’s complexion, it will need to act. Despite the campaign’s focus on migration, voters have consistently said the country’s biggest problem is its housing shortage, estimated at about 400,000 homes in a nation of 18 million.
Unless that question – and other pressing issues, including soaring healthcare costs – are properly addressed, analysts warn that the Netherlands’ apparent return to what looks like a more commonsense form of government could prove short-lived.
• This article was amended on 30 October 2025. An earlier version said the VVD improved its seat tally from the previous election; in fact, it lost two seats from its 2023 total. Also, the GL/PvdA alliance finished fourth, not third.
