The thyroid gland plays a key role in regulating growth, metabolism, and overall development in children. If this gland does not work, it can cause various thyroid disorders that seriously affect the child's health. Understanding thyroid disorders, their symptoms, and potential complications is critical for early detection and effective treatment.
Types of thyroid disorders in children
Hypothyroidism in children: Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. It can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired in children. Symptoms can include fatigue, poor growth, delayed puberty, constipation, dry skin and mental retardation.
Hyperthyroidism in children: Hyperthyroidism is caused by an excess of the thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone. Children with hyperthyroidism may experience symptoms such as weight loss, increased appetite, fast heart rate, irritability, and difficulty in concentration which affects bone health too.
Thyroid Nodules and Goiter: Children may also develop thyroid nodules or enlargement (Goitra), often without noticeable symptoms. However, larger nodules or goiters can cause difficulty swallowing, breathing, or a visible swelling in the neck. Although most nodules are harmless, some cases are harmful and require careful monitoring.
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Thyroid cancer: It is rare in children, it mostly occurs as a lump or swelling of the thyroid gland. Its symptoms include a painless lump in the neck, hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or enlarged lymph nodes.
Both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications in children, affecting their physical and mental well-being. Some potential consequences include:
Heart problems: Hyperthyroidism can strain the heart, leading to arrhythmias and even heart failure. Conversely, hypothyroidism can increase the risk of high cholesterol and heart disease later in life.
Developmental delays: Untreated hypothyroidism can significantly impact cognitive development and learning abilities.
Mental health issues: Both conditions can contribute to anxiety, depression, and mood swings.
Growth and fertility problems: Untreated thyroid disorders can affect growth and puberty, potentially impacting fertility in adulthood.
Moreover, thyroid disorders in children are highly treatable with timely diagnosis and proper management. Regular checkups and blood tests are crucial for identifying any imbalances. Treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its severity.
(Author: Dr Pawan Kumar, Senior Consultant, General Pediatrics, Madhukar Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Delhi)
