A heatwave that struck a quarter of the world’s oceans in 2016 was made far more likely by climate change, according to a new study.
Nicknamed “the blob” when it appeared in the eastern Pacific, the mass of warm water was linked with the deaths of marine animals and the devastation of ecosystems.
Ocean water naturally goes through phases of higher temperatures – notably the event known as El Niño, which leads to periods of warmer water in the Pacific Ocean.
Climate change is also thought to contribute to some of this temperature fluctuation, but it can be difficult establishing the exact contribution it makes.
However, a team of Australian scientists has concluded the heatwave of 2016 was influenced by anthropogenic – that is, human-induced – climate change.
The research focuses on warming around northern Australia, which resulted in mass coral bleaching, and the northern Pacific Ocean between Alaska and Russia.
Extreme temperatures in the Gulf of Alaska have been linked with the deaths of thousands of seabirds and whales during this period.
The new study, published in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, builds on work led by Dr Eric Oliver of the University of Tasmania that explored the causes of the 2016 heatwave in south east Australian seas.
“Scientists are inherently conservative about making grand claims, but we can say with 99 per cent confidence that anthropogenic climate change made this marine heatwave several times more likely, and there’s an increasing probability of such extreme events in the future,” said Dr Oliver, in reference to the earlier work.
In the new analysis carried out by Dr Oliver and his collaborators, they concluded underwater heatwaves in their study regions had been made 53 times more likely as a result of human-induced climate change.
The heatwaves seen in the northern Pacific and Australia in 2016 were both the most intense and longest lasting on record.
Using sea temperature records and climate models, the scientists were able to compare observed outcomes to outcomes that would have resulted without climate change induced by greenhouse gas emissions.
In doing so, they established that the observed heatwaves had been impacted by climate change.
Though climate change did not cause the 2016 heatwave, it increased the likelihood an event of its magnitude would take place.
These results add to a growing body of scientific work that seeks to understand to what extent natural disasters and extreme weather events can be attributed to climate change.
“We are finding that events like the recent Alaskan marine heatwave crop up a lot more in future decades in climate model simulations,” Dr Nick Bond, a climatologist at the University of Washington, told National Geographic.
The implication of this research is that deadly events like the 2016 heatwave are more likely to take place in the coming years.
