Archive of Our Own (AO3), one of the world’s biggest fanfiction sites, appeared to be blocked in China on Saturday as regulators further tightened internet controls, with some users furiously blaming fans of a popular actor for the government’s action.
“Unfortunately, the Archive of Our Own is currently inaccessible in China,” the Organization for Transformative Works, a US non-profit group that operates AO3, said on its Twitter account. “We've investigated, and it is not due to anything on our end.”
The organisation said it did not know “if it’s a temporary shutdown caused by server operators or a long-term restriction to access”.
It added that Chinese mobile network suppliers such as China Unicom and China Telecom appeared to have disconnected the connection between the local and overseas networks, according to a separate post by OTW late Saturday on popular microblogging site Weibo. It added that it could not resolve the problem since the disconnection is not caused by AO3’s servers.
Calls to the country’s internet watchdog, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), went unanswered on Monday.
Unfortunately, the Archive of Our Own is currently inaccessible in China. We've investigated, and it is not due to anything on our end. We're keeping Chinese users updated on our Weibo: https://t.co/B4r3IEj0fU
— AO3 Status (@AO3_Status) February 29, 2020
Established in 2008, AO3 is an open-source platform for fanfiction, fanart and other fanworks contributed by users. It hosts 5.7 million fanworks in over 36,000 fandoms for 2.4 million users. Last year the site won a Hugo award, a literary award for science fiction and fantasy works, in the category of Best Related Work.
In an email reply to the Post on Tuesday, Jess Hindes, who chairs the OTW Communications Committee, said the organisation “has not been in contact with, or contacted by, any official body in China”.
While Hindes said the site could not promise when or if the service would be operational again in China because the disconnection did not originate from OTW, she added that “we can reassure users that the Archive itself is stable" and all currently hosted works that are compliant with the site’s terms of service will remain online.
Of the fanworks currently hosted on AO3, just under 250,000 are listed as Chinese-language works, according to Hindes. This was “likely to be an underestimation of the true figure” as users have to self-select the language of their works and until last year, the default language selection was English. The figure also does not account for Chinese creators publishing their works in English or other languages, she said.
Although it is not unusual for foreign sites to be blocked behind China’s so-called Great Firewall, the apparent censorship of AO3 drew widespread anger among China’s considerable fanfiction community. Over the weekend, the site became one of the most-searched topics on Weibo, with almost 590,000 posts viewed 510 million times.
Many users pointed the finger at fans of Chinese actor Xiao Zhan for reporting the site to Chinese authorities. Last Thursday, fans of the actor, who rose to stardom after starring in web series The Untamed – itself adapted from a queer romance novel – initiated a campaign against a fanfiction creator who portrayed their idol as a sex worker with gender dysphoria in a fanfiction series with queer themes.
Unhappy about the story that they said “tainted Xiao’s image”, the fans reported the creator and the fanfiction series, which was distributed on AO3 and a Chinese social platform called Lofter, to the CAC for “prostitution and pornographic content”.
They also shared tutorials about how to report the story to authorities via website, telephone and email. As of a check on Monday, the tutorial posts have been deleted but screenshots of them are still circulating on social media.
The fan-written story was later taken down from the Lofter app, while AO3, which is still hosting it, has been inaccessible in China on Saturday.
Outraged internet users took to social media Weibo to voice their anger, accusing Xiao’s fans of being compliant in China’s censorship machine.
“China has succeeded in getting people accustomed to self-censorship in the past decade, and in using public power to eliminate those with different opinions. The idea has been deeply rooted in everyone’s head,” Weibo user Frunzzi wrote in one of the most popular comments.
Another user with the handle ChaofanDouxiansen wrote: “Why would you hurt the already limited space for creation? Shame on you.”
Xiao’s team issued a statement Sunday night apologising “for occupying public resources”. His fan club apologised for failing to prevent some of its members from voicing “radical” views.
China’s fandom and anime culture has a growing community. With an estimated 70 million readers, the country’s online comics market has become one of the latest areas where internet companies are competing against each other to drive user growth with a universe of content including anime, video games and streaming.
NetEase and Tencent Holdings are leading players in the field, although they still count on games to generate most of their revenue. Bilibili started off as an anime-focused video sharing site before morphing into a provider of licensed content from mobile games to anime to comics.
However, the mainstream platforms are closely watched by the censors with low tolerance to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT)-related and sexually explicit content. Fanfiction enthusiasts have, therefore, had to resort to foreign sites such as AO3 to create, distribute and read more controversial works.
China closely patrols online activity and censors content critical of the ruling Communist Party and politically sensitive terms such as the Dalai Lama, Tiananmen crackdown and Falun Gong.
Beijing justifies its online censorship as the right of every country to control its domestic internet space – a concept it calls “cyber sovereignty”. Popular foreign sites including Google, Facebook and Twitter are banned in China.
The fanfiction site was blocked the day before new internet rules came into effect, banning internet creators from making sexually explicit and “lowbrow” content. The content governance guidelines announced in December and taking effect on March 1, also bans online violence, doxxing, deepfakes and rigged traffic, according to CAC.
The new rules come amid an ongoing campaign by the central government to censor and “clean up” its cyberspace. Last April the authorities shut down nine instant messaging apps for spreading pornographic information or facilitating prostitution.
In 2018 the Office of Combating Pornography and Illegal Publications summoned Chinese tech giant Tencent Holdings and ordered the WeChat operator to clean up vulgar content, after which Tencent blocked or shut down 1,706 WeChat official accounts in a day.
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