New government research suggests a concerning link between increased screen time and diminished vocabulary development in toddlers.
The findings emerged from The Children of the 2020s (COT20s) study, which surveyed 4,758 primary caregivers online between October 2023 and February 2024, when their children were aged between 24 and 28 months.
Results indicated that toddlers in the highest screen time category, averaging approximately five hours daily, could articulate just 53 per cent of 34 test words.
This contrasts sharply with children in the lowest screen time group, who spent an average of 44 minutes per day on screens and could say 65 per cent of the words.
In light of these revelations, the government has confirmed it will issue its inaugural official guidance on screen time for under-fives this April.
Here are five ways that screen time could affect your child’s brain…
Are children more vulnerable to the effects of screen time than adults?
“Children’s brains are like sponges that are soaking up experiences at an incredible rate,” says Dr Samir Shah, consultant psychiatrist and medical director at Priory Hospital Altrincham. “Key developmental periods particularly before the age of five and during the pre-teen years are when the brain undergoes the most rapid growth.
“Too much screen time during these stages could have longer-lasting effects compared to adults.”
Torkel Klingberg, professor of cognitive neuroscience at the Karolinska Institutet and founding scientist at memory training app Nuroe, agrees and adds: “The development of cognitive abilities during childhood and adolescence is absolutely crucial. It’s a time of neuroplasticity, and it’s crucial for education and adult performance.”
1. Impacts attention span and focus
“We [at the Karolinska Institutet] recently published results from a large study following more than 8,000 children between the ages of 10 and 14 and mapped the amount of time they either spent on social media or gaming or TV, and we found that it was specifically social media time that was associated with increased symptoms of inattention,” says Klingberg. “For example, they reported problems focusing for a longer period of time, getting easily distracted and had problems completing homework.”
2. Negative impact on mood and mental health
“Research has shown us that teenagers and children who spend more than four hours per day on screens are more likely to experience higher levels of anxiety and depression,” highlights Shah. “The constant and persistent stimulation of digital screens can leave young minds feeling overstimulated with higher dopamine levels but emotionally unfulfilled.
“Children who spend a lot of time on screens can also sometimes find it harder to manage frustration and irritation.”
It could also impact their ability to pick up on social cues.
“Less face-to-face and direct interaction means fewer opportunities and chances to practise important social and executive skills like empathy and resolving conflicts,” explains Shah.
3. Sleep deprivation
“Another big aspect of this is that screen time and social media is crowding out time for other things such as sport, in-person interactions and importantly sleep,” highlights Klingberg.
“There’s so much research showing the importance of sleep for both psychological wellbeing and cognitive performance, and this is especially important in young growing brains.
“Lack of sleep can affect long-term memory, attention memory and working memory.”
4. Impacts problem-solving skills and memory
“Constant distractions online means that children are often deprived of the ability to focus for a longer time and are missing out on the cognitive challenges that drive and benefit cognitive development, which includes both attention and working memory,” says Klingberg.
“We know that working memory is something that can be developed by training, so I think part of it is trying to reduce children’s use of social media and to instead spend time on more focus-demanding activities, such as reading or homework, for example.”
5. Disrupts reward systems
“Regular screens trigger the release of dopamine which is the brain’s ‘feel-good’ chemical. This then creates a cycle of craving more screen time to get that same buzz or effect,” explains Shah.
“It’s a bit like checking the door repeatedly and hoping for an exciting visitor. Over time, real world and realistic activities can start to feel less rewarding by comparison. This is why children and teenagers who use screens regularly struggle to maintain or build meaningful social connections.”
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