The extraordinary intensification of Hurricane Melissa is likely to be a symptom of the rapid heating of the world’s oceans.
Melissa is the fourth storm in the Atlantic this year to undergo rapid intensification of its wind speed and power. This sort of intensification has been linked to the human-caused climate crisis, which is causing oceans to become hotter.
Researchers at Climate Central, a nonprofit organisation that analyses climate science, found that during Melissa’s rapid intensification the storm drifted over exceptionally warm ocean waters that were 1.4C hotter than average. These conditions were made up to 700 times more likely because of the climate crisis, the organisation said.
Last year, the world’s oceans were the warmest on record, continuing a recent trend of record-breaking marine heat.
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As daylight returned to Jamaica early on Wednesday, eyewitness reports and videos on social media showed swaths of downed trees, washed-out roads and roofs tossed about fields and roadways, reports Reuters.
Video of the airport in Montego Bay, seen by the news agency, showed inundated seating areas, broken glass and collapsed ceilings.
Jamaican officials said about 25,000 tourists were in the country.
Authorities have shut down power to virtually all of eastern Cuba, evacuated vulnerable areas and had asked residents to shelter in place in the provincial capital Santiago, a city of 400,000 people.
Reuters reports that scarce videos posted by local media showed torrents of brown rainwater rushing down roads through dark towns at the base of Cuba’s Sierra Maestra mountains not far from the city.
Authorities reported widespread flooding of lowland areas early on Wednesday from Santiago to Guantánamo, where upwards of 35% of the population had been evacuated.
The timing could not be worse for the communist-run Caribbean island. Cuba is already suffering from food, fuel, electricity and medicine shortages that have complicated life for many, prompting record-breaking migration off the island since 2021.
President Miguel Diaz-Canel said Cuba had nonetheless mobilised 2,500 electric line workers to begin recovery immediately after the storm’s passage across the island later on Wednesday.
The hurricane is not expected to directly affect the capital Havana.
The United Nations (UN) is planning an airlift of 2,000 relief kits to Jamaica from a supply station in Barbados once air travel is possible, reports Agence France-Presse (AFP).
Assistance is also planned for other affected countries, including Cuba and Haiti, UN spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric told journalists.
Jamaica’s climate change minister told CNN that Hurricane Melissa’s effect was “catastrophic,” citing flooded homes and “severely damaged public infrastructure” and hospitals.
In its latest update, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) said Hurricane Melissa was located about 230 miles (370km) south of the central Bahamas, with maximum sustained winds of 115mph (185kph).
The agency warned residents of Cuba to remain sheltered and that preparations for the storm in the Bahamas “should be rushed to completion”.
Melissa was forecast to weaken as it crosses Cuba through the morning, and remain a strong hurricane as it moves across the southeastern or central Bahamas later on Wednesday. The storm is then expected to make its way late on Thursday near or to the west of Bermuda, where a hurricane watch is in effect.
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Mathue Tapper, 31, told Agence France-Presse (AFP) from Kingston that those in the capital were “lucky” but feared for fellow Jamaicans in the island’s more rural western areas.
Broad scientific consensus says human-driven climate change is responsible for intensified storms such as Hurricane Melissa, which are increasingly frequent in the region and bring higher potential for destruction and deadly flooding.
“Human-caused climate change is making all of the worst aspects of Hurricane Melissa even worse,” climate scientist Daniel Gilford told AFP.
The Jamaican Red Cross, which was distributing drinking water and hygiene kits ahead of infrastructure disruptions, said Melissa’s “slow nature” exacerbated the anxiety.
Jamaican prime minister says island is a 'disaster area' after Hurricane Melissa
Hurricane Melissa hit Jamaica as a category 5 hurricane around midday on Tuesday with sustained winds of up to 185mph (295km/h), the worst hurricane to hit the island since meteorological records began. It took hours to cross Jamaica before first weakening and then intensifying again.
Jamaican prime minister Andrew Holness declared the island a “disaster area” and authorities warned residents to remain sheltered because of continued flooding and the risk of landslides.
Lisa Sangster, a 30-year-old communications specialist in Kingston, told Agence France-Presse (AFP) that her home was devastated by the storm. She told the news agency:
My sister … explained that parts of our roof was blown off and other parts caved in and the entire house was flooded.
The scale of Melissa’s damage in Jamaica was not yet clear. A comprehensive assessment could take days because much of the island was still without power, with communications networks badly disrupted.
Government minister Desmond McKenzie said several hospitals had been damaged, including in Saint Elizabeth, a coastal district he said was “underwater.” In a briefing, he said:
The damage to Saint Elizabeth is extensive, based on what we have seen.
Saint Elizabeth is the breadbasket of the country, and that has taken a beating. The entire Jamaica has felt the brunt of Melissa.
The hurricane was the worst to strike Jamaica, hitting land with maximum wind speeds more powerful than many of recent history’s strongest storms, including 2005’s Katrina that ravaged the US city of New Orleans.
Cuban authorities say 735,000 people have been evacuated so far as president warns it will be 'very difficult night'
A downgraded Hurricane Melissa made landfall in Cuba early on Wednesday after ripping a path of destruction across Jamaica, which authorities have designated a “disaster area.”
The National Hurricane Center (NHC) said Melissa, which it described as an “extremely dangerous hurricane”, had weakened to a category 3 storm before it made landfall in Santiago de Cuba province on the island’s southern coast.
It hit with maximum sustained winds of approximately 120miles (195km) per hour, the NHC said, after fluctuating between category 3 and category 5, the highest on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
Cuban residents fled the coast as it approached, with local authorities declaring a “state of alert” in six eastern provinces.
Residents told Agence France-Presse (AFP) they had been stockpiling food, candles, and batteries since Monday. Graciela Lamaison told AFP in Santiago de Cuba:
We bought bread, spaghetti, and ground beef. This cyclone is serious, but we’ll get through it.
Authorities in Haiti, east of Cuba, ordered the closure of schools, businesses and government offices on Wednesday.
Cuban authorities reported that 735,000 people have been evacuated so far.
Cuban president Miguel Diaz-Canel said on social media platform X:
It will be a very difficult night for all of Cuba, but we will recover.
Floraina Duany, 80, prayed on Tuesday to Our Lady of Charity of El Cobre, patron saint of Cuba, asking that Melissa not cause damage, reports AFP.
“If you are the mistress of the waters, break up [Hurricane Melissa] so it doesn’t do us so much harm,” she told AFP near her home in Playa Siboney, a town 25 miles (15km) from Santiago de Cuba.
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British nationals who travelled to Jamaica have expressed concern that no travel warnings were issued by the UK government, travel agents or airlines before Hurricane Melissa hit the Caribbean island.
The slow-moving category 5 hurricane made landfall on Tuesday, killing three people during storm preparations and bringing maximum sustained winds of 180mph. It has caused widespread devastation, with authorities ordering mandatory evacuations.
On Tuesday the UK government advised those on the island to register their presence for updates and said a specialist team was being deployed in the region.
The foreign secretary, Yvette Cooper, said:
Many people will be thinking about family and friends in Jamaica in the face of this very serious storm. We offer the UK’s full support and stand ready to mobilise resources to support British nationals and Jamaica, at its request.
Among those caught in the hurricane are a couple from north London who have been in lockdown at a Sandals resort in Whitehouse since Sunday night. They said their travel agent and airline British Airways – both of whom have been approached for comment – did not advise against travel before their Friday departure. Before their flight, a Foreign Office official told them there was no restriction in place.
“We would have moved our holiday otherwise,” said Carl Pheasant, who turned 61 today.
“When we were brought to our room, we initially thought we had been given an upgrade, but we didn’t realise it was because of safety, and it seems very secure,” he said. “It could be a lot worse. I feel sorry for the Jamaicans and a lot of people who are in wooden houses. They are in a much worse situation than we are.”
Hurricane Melissa was a tropical storm on Saturday before it was upgraded to a category 4 hurricane by early Sunday, and then to a category 5 by the US National Hurricane Center on Monday. It is expected to pass towards Cuba and the Bahamas by Wednesday.
However, much uncertainty remains for the couple, who are due to fly back to London on 7 November. They said they are more than three hours from Kingston airport, one of two national airports that has been closed until further notice.
Meteorologists at AccuWeather said Hurricane Melissa ranked as the third most intense hurricane observed in the Caribbean after Wilma in 2005 and Gilbert in 1988 – the last major storm to make landfall in Jamaica.
Scientists say hurricanes are intensifying faster with greater frequency as a result of warming ocean waters. In the past, many Caribbean leaders have called on wealthy, heavy-polluting nations to provide reparations in the form of aid or debt relief to tropical island countries.
Jamaica has gone through 'one of its worst periods', says local government minister after Hurricane Melissa
Desmond McKenzie, minister of local goverment of Jamaica and deputy chair of Jamaica’s Disaster Risk Management Council said in a televised address after Hurricane Melissa hit the island that Jamaica had gone through “one of its worst periods”.
He said:
Right across the country, almost every parish is experiencing blocked roads, fallen trees [and] utility poles, and excess flooding in many communities. Jamaica has gone through, what I can call, one of its worst periods.
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In the Bahamas, next in Hurricane Melissa’s path to the north-east, the government ordered evacuations of residents in southern portions of that archipelago, reports Reuters.
Farther to the east, Hispaniola, the island shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic, had faced days of torrential downpours leading to at least four deaths, authorities there said.
Local media reported at least three deaths in Jamaica during storm preparations, and a disaster coordinator suffered a stroke in the onset of the storm and was rushed to hospital. It is unclear whether the deaths were reported in local media before or after Jamaica’s prime minister Andrew Holness comments on CNN about the government having not received any confirmed storm-related fatalities (see 7.55am GMT) after the storm had passed.
Jamaica’s prime minister Andrew Holness said on CNN after the storm had passed that the government had not received any confirmed storm-related fatalities, but given the strength of Hurricane Melissa and the extent of the damage, “we are expecting that there would be some loss of life”.
The hurricane hit Jamaica when it roared ashore the island’s southwestern town of New Hope, packing sustained winds of up to 185mph (295kph), according to the US National Hurricane Center (NHC).
Hundreds of thousands evacuated to shelters as 120mph winds hit Cuba
Hundreds of thousands of people had been evacuated to shelters in Cuba, reports the Associated Press (AP). A hurricane warning is in effect for the provinces of Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantánamo, Holguin and Las Tunas.
Hurricane Melissa had top sustained winds of 120mph (193kph) and was moving north-east at 10mph (16kph) according to the National Hurricane Center (NHC). The hurricane was centered 20 miles (32km) east of Chivirico and about 60 miles (97 kilometers) west-southwest of Guantánamo, Cuba.
Melissa is forecast to cross the island through the morning and move into the Bahamas later on Wednesday. The continuing intense rain could cause life-threatening flooding with numerous landslides, US forecasters said.
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Hurricane Melissa makes landfall in Cuba, NHC says
Hurricane Melissa made landfall on the southern coast of eastern Cuba on Wednesday as a category three hurricane, the US National Hurricane Center (NHC) said in its latest advisory.
Melissa was located about 60 miles (95km) west-southwest of Guantánamo, Cuba, with maximum sustained winds of 120mph (195kph), the Miami-based forecaster said.
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President Miguel Díaz-Canel said officials have situated “multiple brigades” in eastern parts of the country to help with recovery efforts, according to state newspaper Granma.
Díaz-Canel said:
There are already brigades specialising in electricity, water resources, communications, and construction that will work alongside the forces in each territory, jointly, on the recovery efforts.
We know that this cyclone will cause a lot of damage… we will have the full capacity to recover in food production, in the reconstruction of homes that are destroyed or damaged, in the recovery of the economy, and also in the recovery and vitality of the country’s main productive and social processes.
Hurricane conditions spreading inland across warning areas in Cuba
As of 2am ET the National Hurricane Center (NHC) issued hurricane warnings for Cuban provinces of:
Granma
Santiago de Cuba
Guantanamo
Holguin
Las Tunas
The NHC said: “Residents in Cuba should seek safe shelter immediately.”
A NHC hurricane warning is also in place for:
Southeastern and Central Bahamas
The NHC said: “In the Bahamas preparations to protect life and property should be rushed to completion.”
A hurricane watch, where hurricane conditions are possible, is in effect for:
Bermuda
A tropical storm warning is in effect for:
Jamaica
Haiti
Cuban province of Camaguey
Turks and Caicos Islands
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Jamaican officials to assess damages on Wednesday
As Cuba prepares for the storm to make landfall any minute, officials in Jamaica are preparing to assess the damage on Wednesday.
A video shared by the Jamaican Constabulary Force shows officers surveying extensive destruction in Black River, close to where Hurricane Melissa made landfall on Tuesday as a Category 5 storm.
The footage showed downed power lines, piles of debris and vehicles sitting in muddy water.
Extensive damage was reported in parts of Clarendon in southern Jamaica and in the southwestern parish of St. Elizabeth, which was “under water,” said Desmond McKenzie, deputy chair of Jamaica’s Disaster Risk Management Council.
The storm also damaged four hospitals and left one without power, forcing officials to evacuate 75 patients, McKenzie said.
More than half a million customers were without power as of late Tuesday as officials reported that most of the island experienced downed trees, power lines and extensive flooding.
Internet connectivity in Jamaica dropped to a low of 42% of normal levels, according to internet monitoring organisation NetBlocks.
The storm’s heavy winds caused widespread damage to power and communications infrastructure, cutting off many parts of the country, NetBlocks said.
The government said it hopes to reopen all of Jamaica’s airports as early as Thursday to ensure the quick distribution of emergency relief supplies.
The storm already was blamed for seven deaths in the Caribbean, including three in Jamaica, three in Haiti and one in the Dominican Republic, where another person remains missing.
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Hurricane Melissa downgraded to category 3, still 'extremely dangerous' as it approaches Cuba
The National Hurricane Center has, once again, downgraded Melissa to “a category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,” but said it is still “an extremely dangerous major hurricane.”
The centre warned the hurricane could “cause life-threatening and potentially catastrophic flash flooding with numerous landslides” as it approaches Cuba.
For eastern Cuba, total rainfall of 10 to 20 inches is expected through today, with local amounts of 25 inches expected over mountainous terrain.
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NHC confirms Hurricane Melissa expected to make landfall in Cuba soon
Hurricane Melissa will make landfall in Cuba “soon”, according to the latest 2am ET public advisory from the National Hurricane Center (NHC).
The NHC said:
Melissa is expected to make landfall soon along the southern coast of eastern Cuba as an extremely dangerous major hurricane.
On the forecast track, the core of Melissa is expected to move over eastern Cuba through this morning, move across the southeastern or central Bahamas later today, and approach Bermuda Thursday and Thursday night.
Maximum sustained winds are near 125 mph (205 kph) with higher gusts.
Category 4 Melissa is forecast to make landfall in eastern Cuba early Wednesday morning.
Provinces from Guantánamo — in the far east — to Camagüey, almost in the center of elongated Cuba, had already suspended classes on Monday.
A storm surge of up to 12 feet (3.6m) in the region is expected to drop up to 20 inches (51cm) of rain in parts of eastern Cuba.
“Numerous landslides are likely in those areas,” said Michael Brennan, director of the U.S. National Hurricane Center in Miami.
The hurricane could worsen Cuba’s severe economic crisis, which already has led to prolonged power blackouts, fuel shortages and food shortages.
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Trump confirms US is prepared to aid Jamaica in Hurricane Melissa aftermath
The US president spoke to reporters on Air Force One, en route from Japan to South Korea:
We’re watching it closely, and we’re prepared to move.
I’ve never seen that before. I guess it can get that high, but I’ve never seen it.
Earlier, Jamaica prime minister Andrew Holness said he received a message from US secretary of state Marco Rubio. In a video interview with NBC’s Tom Llamas, Holness said:
Secretary of State and the President of the United States have always been good to us, and we’ve always been good and strong partners with the United States.
We’re confident that whatever assistance they can render, whatever assistance we deem necessary, there will be a great effort to have that fulfilled.
An official platform was launched by Jamaica’s government to “coordinate relief, mobilise support, and manage recovery efforts in the wake of Hurricane Melissa.”
Holness told Llamas the Jamaican government will commence other relief and recovery efforts as soon as it is safe enough to do so.
Cuba’s president has warned the country is in for a 'very difficult night'
Writing on X, Miguel Díaz-Canel Bermúdez said 735,000 people had so far been evacuated.
Earlier, in a televised address to the nation and wearing an olive-green uniform, Díaz-Canel urged the population to not underestimate the power of the storm, calling it “the strongest ever to hit national territory.”
He asked residents to avoid bathing in swollen rivers and urged them not to leave evacuation sites “until the order has been given.”
“There will be a lot of work to do. We know there will be a lot of damage.”
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Jamaican government downgrades warnings from hurricane to tropical storm
The National Hurricane Center’s (NHC) latest 11pm ET update said the government of Jamaica replaced the “Hurricane Warning” with a “Tropical Storm Warning.”
Damaging winds are forecast to gradually subside across Jamaica, but the NHC advised locals to “remain safe in shelter until sunrise.”
Rohan Brown, of Jamaica’s Meteorological Service, warned that as Melissa moves off the coast, its counterclockwise rotation would bring a heavy storm surge to northern Jamaica through the night.
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The most recent 11pm ET advisory from the National Hurricane Center (NHC) warned Melissa is “re-strengthening as it approaches eastern Cuba.”
The hurricane is expected to make landfall “as an extremely dangerous major hurricane in the next few hours,” it said.
“In the warning area in Cuba, residents should seek safe shelter immediately.”
The NHC has warned the Bahamas that “preparations to protect life and property should be rushed to completion.”
Though Melissa was briefly downgraded to a category 3 hurricane, it has officially bumped back up to a category 4, according to the NHC.
Hurricane warnings are in effect for:
Cuban provinces of Granma, Santiago de Cuba, Guantanamo, Holguin, and Las Tunas
Southeastern and Central Bahamas
A hurricane watch, typically issued 48 hours before the anticipated first occurrence of tropical-storm-force winds, is in effect for:
Bermuda
Tropical storm warnings are in effect for:
Jamaica
Haiti
Cuban province of Camaguey
Turks and Caicos Islands
We’ll bring you the latest NHC update when it launches in about an hour.
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If you are just joining us, here is a our full story on what has happened so far:
Welcome summary
Welcome to our live coverage of Hurricane Melissa as it travels through the Caribbean.
Melissa is heading for Cuba’s second-largest city, Santiago de Cuba, after making landfall in neighbouring Jamaica as the strongest cyclone on record to hit the Caribbean island nation.
The hurricane roared ashore near Jamaica’s south-western town of New Hope, packing sustained winds of up to 185mph (295km/h), according to the US National Hurricane Center, well above the minimum 157mph (252km/h) wind speed of a Category 5 storm, the highest level on the Saffir-Simpson wind scale.
In south-western Jamaica, the parish of St Elizabeth was left “underwater”, an official said, with more than 500,000 residents without power.
“The reports that we have had so far would include damage to hospitals, significant damage to residential property, housing and commercial property as well, and damage to our road infrastructure,” Jamaica’s prime minister, Andrew Holness, said on CNN after the storm had passed.
Melissa weakened to a Category 3 storm but has since strengthened to Category 4 as it neared the Cuban coast. Authorities there said they evacuated about 500,000 people from areas vulnerable to winds and flooding.
Here are the major developments:
Hurricane Melissa made landfall in Jamaica’s on Tuesday as a category 5 hurricane. It is the strongest to lash the island since record-keeping began in 1851. The storm lost some power crossing Jamaica’s mountainous terrain, but remains a powerful Category 4 storm, according to the National Hurricane Center.
The hurricane is now making a toward Cuba. It could make a second landfall there as early as midnight, bringing winds of between 140 and 145mph.
Cuba’s president warned citizens the storm could be “one of the most severe - or possibly the strongest” ever to hit the island. “We want to emphasise ... the magnitude of this event,” said Miguel Díaz-Canel, urging Cubans not to return to their homes from shelters.
Desmond McKenzie, deputy chairman of Jamaica’s Disaster Risk Management Council, said the south-western parish of St Elizabeth “is under water” – and has sustained extensive damage.
Aid agencies and disaster relief charities are preparing to deploy. They will start operations across Jamaica and elsewhere in the Caribbean at speed as soon as weather conditions improve enough to safely do so. The Red Cross has said it expects about 1.5 million people to be directly affected by the disaster, set to become the largest in Jamaica’s history.
The extraordinary intensification of Hurricane Melissa is likely to be a symptom of the rapid heating of the world’s oceans. Melissa is the fourth storm in the Atlantic this year to undergo rapid intensification of its wind speed and power. This sort of intensification has been linked to the human-caused climate crisis, which is causing oceans to become hotter.
