WASHINGTON _ The first hint of the scandal that has engulfed the California National Guard came more than eight years ago with a one-page memo that disclosed an internal investigation of a sergeant working at Mather Airport in Sacramento.
Master Sgt. Toni Jaffe, the California Guard's bonus and incentives manager, was suspected of attempting to "commit fraud" by awarding bonuses to three "ineligible officers," the inspector general wrote in August 2008.
The case has exploded into a national embarrassment. Under pressure from the White House and Congress, the Pentagon has suspended its attempts to force more than 9,700 veterans to repay what the California Guard claimed were improper bonuses and other incentives, many awarded by Jaffe.
Congress will hold its first hearing on the bitter saga Wednesday. Maj. Gen. David Baldwin, the California Guard commander who was appointed by Gov. Jerry Brown in 2011 to clean up the mess, will testify before the House Armed Services Committee.
Baldwin will tell the committee that investigators found "gross mismanagement and fraud" within the California Guard incentives program and that "dozens of personnel, including senior leaders and general officers," were punished, according to his prepared testimony.
Most, however, got off with reprimands or early retirement. Jaffe was the only soldier sent to prison.
In her first interview since she was released in 2014, Jaffe told the Los Angeles Times/Tribune Washington Bureau that she approved thousands of improper bonuses because she faced pressure to help fill Pentagon quotas for troops for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Jaffe said in the interview that she was forced to process more applications than she could handle, to work long weekends and take short lunches, and was berated when she didn't respond quickly to demands for bonus approvals from California Guard units around the state _ even when they didn't submit the proper paperwork.
"I had too much work," she said. "People were sending me emails and phone calls, saying, 'Where's my bonus?' I begged those people for their paperwork."
Jaffe said some officers at Recruiting Command, which had about 250 staff members, criticized her for being overweight and ignored her pleas for help in processing claims.
"Is it fair that I took the full brunt of this? No," a sometimes tearful Jaffe, 56, said from her home in Citrus Heights, near Sacramento. "I owned up to my responsibility. They need to own up to theirs."
In August 2011, Jaffe pleaded guilty in federal court to making a false claim and was sentenced to 30 months in prison. According to her plea agreement, she was responsible for $15.2 million in wrongfully paid bonuses and loan repayments between 2007 and 2009.
Jaffe's lawyer, Johnny L. Griffin III, told the court in a sentencing memo that the married mother of two daughters was an "emotionally frail woman who lives day to day in a state of depression."
The Army's Criminal Investigation Command later estimated that Jaffe personally approved $261 million in legitimate and improper bonuses and other incentive payments. She was never accused of taking any money herself.
At least 31 people, including eight colonels, lieutenants colonels or majors, received military reprimands, and several were forced to retire, according to a summary of the results of the investigations provided by the California Guard, which refused to release their names.
One unidentified officer, according to the summary, was accused of "dereliction of duty" in connection with payments of bonuses and student loans and was "permitted to retire in lieu of involuntary separation," according to the summary.
At least eight other junior officers and enlisted soldiers were convicted or pleaded guilty to federal or state charges from 2012 to 2015 for knowingly accepting improper payments or other misconduct, according to the California Guard summary. None was sentenced to prison.
Although she was a relatively junior noncommissioned officer, Jaffe's job made her solely responsible for approving bonuses in the California Guard between 2007 and 2009, when the Pentagon had launched a troop surge in Iraq and fighting was intense in Afghanistan.
The National Guard, which oversees state Guard units, began offering the most generous incentives in its history to recruit and retain soldiers.
Jaffe approved thousands of bonuses involving tens of millions of dollars with little or no paperwork, federal investigators would find.
In October 2013, while still in prison, she told California state prosecutors conducting a separate investigation of the bonus payments that she had been mistreated by her colleagues at Recruiting Command.
"Basically I had no friends, and I wanted friends," she said when they asked why she approved bonuses for ineligible soldiers.
Jaffe "was 'blackballed' by her command," Anthony Colannino, the California prosecutor who investigated the bonus fraud, said in a brief filed in Los Angeles County Superior Court, quoting Jaffe's statements to him. "People were told not to talk to her, eat with her, sit with her or 'go around' with her."
Jaffe also told Colannino, who interviewed her at the Federal Correctional Institution-Waseca in Minnesota, that superiors in Recruiting Command had urged her to authorize bonuses, according to a transcript of the interview filed as an exhibit in the Superior Court case.
"Did you receive any instructions from, say, your command ... directing you to do things with these bonuses that you felt was either problematic, improper, perhaps illegal?" Colannino asked at one point.
"Yes, sir," Jaffe replied.
Current and former California Guard soldiers said pressure to meet Pentagon recruiting quotas was severe at the time and internal financial controls were lax.
For California, that meant Recruiting Command had to sign up 1,495 officers and 14,445 enlisted soldiers in 2007 alone, according to the memo obtained by the Times.
Soldiers recalled being summoned to mass meetings, dubbed "retention seminars," where Brig. Gen. Louis Antonetti, commander of the Army component of the California Guard, urged them to re-enlist and described the generous bonuses, eventually turning the floor over to Jaffe.
Afterward soldiers would line up and Jaffe would process their bonus payments, she said.
The system began to crumble in August 2008 when the California Guard inspector general, Col. Richard Sobrato, informed Col. Diana Bodner, who ran Recruiting Command, of complaints that Jaffe had approved improper bonuses for three officers.
Investigators determined that two bonuses, totaling $30,000, involved "administrative errors" and that Jaffe "lacked intent" to commit fraud, according to an FBI summary of the findings.
Jaffe remained in her job and continued to process California Guard bonuses for another 17 months while a separate audit was carried out.
The audit, completed in July 2010, rang alarm bells.
Bonus payments in the California Guard had more than doubled from $10.9 million to $23.7 million between 2007 and 2008, it found.
But the audit did not blame the entire fiasco on Jaffe.
California Guard personnel "tacitly approved and/or encouraged widespread fraud and abuse, misappropriation, and misapplications of federally appropriated funds," Wesley Kilgore, special agent in charge of the Army Criminal Investigation Command office in Los Angeles, wrote in an August 2010 memo.
Col. Peter Cross, a spokesman for the California Guard, said last week that Jaffe's superiors were appropriately disciplined.
"Leaders that did not take decisive action to implement internal controls were held accountable," he said.
