“The political discourse consists in saying that people on strike are protecting their specific schemes,” says economist Anne Eydoux, referring to the 42 special pension ‘regimes’, most in the public sector, that allow some workers to retire earlier than others with higher benefits. “But the reform will concern everyone, and will reduce pensions for everyone.”
France has a public, pay-as-you-go pension system, funded by contributions from employers and employees, which was put in place as part of the broader social security system after the Second World War. It has many parts, and is complex and confusing, but most people are part of it. So any reform impacts most people in France.
Eydoux is an economist, and member of the Économistes atterrés, a group that says it opposes "neo-liberal" policies, and has been critical of President Emmanuel Macron’s pension reform plan. In her criticisms, she shows what many people in France feel about the reform.
Points will not reduce pension inequalities
A central part of the pension reform is a shift to a points-based system. The current system calculates pensions based on the 25 best years of someone’s career, or the last six months for public service workers (generally their highest paid).
The reform would introduce points, translating a career into a number of points, based on hours worked. Points are valued at retirement age, but for now the government has been unclear what the value will actually be.
The government says this will be more equitable, taking into account all periods that people have worked.
“The goal is equal pensions for equal careers, with equal pay,” says Eydoux. “That looks like equality. But careers and pay are not equal.”
- Listen to an interview with Anne Eydoux in the Spotlight on France podcast:
In Eydoux's analysis, the points will “exactly reflect pay and career inequalities, and this will penalise people with precarious periods in their careers, and especially women.”
Women in France earn 20-25 per cent less than men. At retirement age they currently receive 40 per cent lower pensions than men, because they are more likely to have worked part time, and taken time off work to raise children or care for family members.
The current reform will take this into account, offer percentage increases to women’s pensions for children, for example. But Eydoux warns that the fundamental system will be unfair.
“As far as gender equality is concerned, the current system only partly decreases gender inequality, so it’s not perfect. But a points-based system will not reduce it at all,” she says.
Spending less, when we should be spending more
Another problem with this reform, according to Eydoux and other critics, is that it aims not only to simplify a complex system, but also to save money. France current spends 13.9 per cent of its GDP on pensions, higher than many European countries.
“This reform… aims to maintain the share of GDP dedicated to elderly people,” says Eydoux, which is the opposite of what should be happening with a growing aging population.
“They should, in many cases, provide for an increase in revenue. Aging people will represent a larger share of the population, so it should be normal that they receive a larger share of the GDP,” she says.
With more people using the same amount of money, pensions will go down, which leads to another concern about the reform: that the government is encouraging people to save for their own retirement, moving away from the pay-as-you-go, social redistributive model to a private investment model.
Sceptical of pension funds
“The reform provides for incentives to use savings, and invest in pension funds,” explains Eydoux.
Indeed, even the European Union has been encouraging private pension investment.
But French people do not trust pension funds, says Eydoux: “We have the experience of the 2008 crisis that touched pension funds all over the world. So French people are not very confident in pension funds, except those who are very wealthy and can put together a portfolio that varies risks.”
With an aging population and a complex system of pension payouts and retirement ages, it’s clear that France could use some kind of reform. But Eydoux, echoing other critics, says that this reform is not the way to go.
“Of course the aging of the population calls for adapting pension rules,” she says. “I think nobody could say that there is no need for a reform.”
The tricky part is finding a reform that all can agree on, and Eydoux is sceptical of what will happen when this reform passes: “If we give the keys to a neoliberal state we do not know what will happen.”
This story first appeared in the Spotlight on France podcast.
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