India is currently witnessing a massive rise in Type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases among its youth, with every one in four young people aged 15-24 affected now. The number of young people diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D) has nearly doubled in just 15 years. Back in 2002, about 9 out of every 100,000 youth were affected annually. By 2018, that number had risen to 17.9 per 100,000. This worrying trend is driven by a mix of factors, including genetics, shifts in lifestyle, environmental changes, and hurdles in accessing proper healthcare.
Genetic Factors – Diabetes often runs in families, making genetics a significant contributor. If someone has a family history of diabetes, their chances of developing it are higher. Additionally, certain ethnic groups, like Indians, are more prone to insulin resistance due to genetic factors, which increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Lifestyle Changes – A major reason for the rise in diabetes among Indian youth is the shift toward unhealthy lifestyles. Today, many young people spend hours sitting—whether studying, working, or on screens—leaving little time for physical activities like sports or exercise. The numbers are concerning: the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that 72% of Indian youth are physically inactive, and more than half consume sugary drinks daily, leading to weight gain and metabolic issues. Unhealthy eating habits also play a big role, with fast food becoming a staple in many diets. The "burger-and-cola" culture, larger portion sizes, and an increasing reliance on processed and packaged foods are all contributing to obesity and insulin resistance.
Environmental and Socioeconomic Factors- In addition to lifestyle choices, environmental factors play a significant role in the rise of diabetes. Chronic exposure to air pollution can reduce insulin sensitivity, making it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar levels. Stress and mental health issues are also contributing factors, as they can lead to poor eating habits and a lack of physical activity. Moreover, urbanization and the influence of Western lifestyles are further promoting unhealthy habits. Socioeconomic status also plays a role—while affluence leads to unhealthy eating habits, poverty often limits access to healthy food and healthcare.
Obesity Among Youth- Obesity is a major concern, with 25-30% of Indian youth now facing abdominal obesity. A key risk factor for Type 2 diabetes is excessive weight, especially abdominal fat, as it promotes resistance to insulin. Research reveals a strong connection between the growing rates of obesity among young people and the increasing cases of diabetes in this age group.
Healthcare Challenges- For many people, access to diabetes education and healthcare remains a challenge, especially in rural areas. Most young people are unaware of the early signs of diabetes or the importance of regular screening. The lack of awareness and timely intervention often makes managing the condition more difficult, thus increasing the risk of severe complications.
Health consequences- Diabetes can have severe consequences such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, vision impairment, neuropathy, and foot complications. Additionally, the social stigma surrounding diabetes can affect mental health, causing depression and anxiety.
Interventions and solutions- To tackle this growing issue, several interventions are necessary. School-based health education programs can help raise awareness about the importance of physical activity and healthy eating. Community initiatives that encourage physical activity, along with nutrition counseling, can promote healthier lifestyles. Early screening and detection programs for diabetes are also essential for identifying at-risk individuals before complications develop. Policy changes, such as reducing sugar and salt in foods, can help curb unhealthy eating habits.
Government and NGO initiatives- The Indian government has launched several initiatives to address diabetes, including the National Diabetes Control Programme (NDCP), the National Health Mission (NHM), and the Fit India Movement. Private sector and NGO efforts focus on raising awareness through campaigns, health education, and community-based diabetes management programs. These initiatives require collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the private sector to be successful in curbing the rising diabetes rates.
In conclusion, Type 2 diabetes is becoming a significant health concern among Indian youth, driven by genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and healthcare factors. To reverse this trend, it is crucial to implement widespread preventive measures, increase awareness, and promote healthier living habits across the country.
Dr. Ashok Kumar Jhingan, Senior Director, Centre for Diabetes, Thyroid, Obesity & Endocrinology, BLK-MAX Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi
