Staff at universities across the UK are set to go on strike, the University and College Union (UCU) has announced.
Union members voted in favour of strike action in two ballots - one over changes to pension schemes and another on pay, casualisation, equality and workloads.
UCU general secretary Jo Grady said: "The results can only be interpreted as clear support for strike action over pensions, pay and working conditions.
"The ballots reflect just how unhappy and angry staff are at the state of higher education in the UK."
Staff members at universities across the UK staged several days of walk-outs over pensions last year leading to fears that students' exams could be disrupted.
The row affected 65 university institutions across the country.
Ms Grady added: "It is incredibly frustrating that we had to ballot members again, but universities only have themselves to blame after failing to address falling real-terms pay and for refusing to deal with casualisation, workloads and the rising cost of USS pensions.
"Universities now have to come back to us prepared to work seriously to address these problems.
"If they choose to ignore this message from their staff then strike action looks inevitable."
A total of 41 universities voted in favour of strike action over pensions, while the ballot concerning pay and working conditions was supported by 54 universities.
Results from four institutions are yet to come in.
The union's higher education committee will meet tomorrow (November 1) to discuss the results and consider its next steps.
