Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) signifies persistent kidney damage lasting over three months. The best indicator of kidney function is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR), which measures how effectively your kidneys filter waste from your blood. Since direct GFR measurement is complex, doctors rely on the Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR).
eGFR is calculated using a simple blood test to measure creatinine, a waste product. Higher creatinine levels generally correlate with lower eGFR, indicating reduced kidney function. CKD is categorized into five stages based on eGFR, following the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) guidelines.
Causes and risk factors:
Understanding the causes and risk factors is crucial for prevention.
Causes:
DiabetesHigh blood pressureHeart diseaseKidney infections and inflammationsCertain medications (especially when unsupervised)Urinary tract problemsOther conditions (liver disease, bone marrow disorders, blood vessel inflammation)
Risk Factors:
Family history of CKDOverweight or obesitySmokingOlder ageAbnormal kidney structure
The silent threat: Recognizing CKD symptoms
One of the most concerning aspects of CKD is its often-asymptomatic nature, particularly in early stages. This underscores the importance of regular blood and urine tests.
Many individuals experience no symptoms until significant kidney damage (85-90%) has occurred.
Even in advanced stages, symptoms can be subtle: mild leg and facial swelling, fatigue, or indigestion.
Severe symptoms, such as significant weight loss, loss of appetite, breathlessness, and chest pain, indicate advanced CKD requiring urgent intervention, potentially including dialysis.
Other symptoms that can develop as CKD progresses include: weight loss, tiredness, nausea, sleep disturbances, muscle cramps, headaches, sexual dysfunction, vomiting, generalized swelling, fractures, and in severe cases, coma or seizures.
Preventing Kidney Disease:
Proactive measures can significantly reduce your risk:
Quit smoking.Limit alcohol consumption.Maintain a balanced diet, including appropriate protein intake.Engage in regular exercise.Undergo routine kidney function monitoring.
Managing CKD: A Holistic Approach
Early-stage CKD management focuses on addressing underlying conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes, as well as managing anemia.
A kidney-friendly, balanced diet is essential. Rather than focusing solely on restrictions, emphasize nutritious choices tailored to your needs. Consult a nephrologist and dietitian for a personalized plan.
Dietary adjustments may include controlling salt, water, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and calcium intake.
Fluid intake may need to be monitored in later stages.
Vaccinations are very important for CKD patients.
A nephrologist's guidance is vital throughout all CKD stages.
End-stage kidney failure: Treatment options
Treatment for end-stage kidney failure includes:
DialysisKidney transplantSupportive careIt's crucial to understand that individuals with end-stage kidney failure can lead fulfilling lives with timely and appropriate care. Avoid unproven treatments and seek guidance from a nephrologist for optimal long-term outcomes.
Dr. Prashant C Dheerendra, Nephrologist, Apollo Dialysis Clinic, Bangalore
