Mustafa sits motionless behind the wheel, upturned hands in his lap, as his taxi drives itself, bringing the United Arab Emirates closer to an autonomous future.
The "safety officer" is part of a trial for driverless cabs in the capital Abu Dhabi, where customers can be picked up and dropped off at nine pre-determined spots on Yas Island.
It's been a "smooth ride" so far, said Mustafa, with no incidents that required any major intervention.
"In the past few days, we've had most customers order taxis from the mall or hotel," he told AFP.
Bayanat, a branch of the Abu Dhabi-based Group 42 tech company, last month launched the trial of four driverless vehicles, two electric and two hybrid, under the name TXAI.
A second phase will include at least 10 vehicles and multiple locations across Abu Dhabi, the company said. Customers can order the vehicles using the TXAI app.
Robotaxis have been tested at various locations around the world in recent years, but commercial use of the vehicles has so far been tentative.
Last month, autonomous cabs were rolled out in Beijing, but also with a safety officer in the driver's seat in case of an emergency.
Hasan al-Hosani, CEO of Bayanat, said removing the safety officers would be a major step.
"The milestone to move from L3 (where a safety officer is present) to L4 (without a safety officer) would be a big one," Hosani told AFP.
"The vehicles are already operational... We are collaborating with the authorities to further expand our operation area geographically, as well as to upgrade to L4 level."
Abu Dhabi is not the only member of the UAE eyeing a driverless future.
Neighboring Dubai says it wants 25 percent of all of its transport driverless by 2030, cutting costs, pollution and accidents.
Dubai aims to launch a small fleet of self-driving taxis by 2023, according to state media, with plans to reach 4,000 by 2030.
The UAE last month approved a temporary licence to test self-driving cars on the roads, but there is no federal legislation yet governing autonomous vehicles.
This remains one of the biggest obstacles.
"This technology is new and regulations pertaining to safety and other operational aspects are being developed in real time," said Hosani.
