Data: Martin-Quinn scores; Chart: Axios Visuals
The Supreme Court will continue to have a solid conservative majority even with Justice Stephen Breyer's retirement.
How to read the chart: An analysis by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn, known as the Martin-Quinn Score, places judges on an ideological spectrum. A lower score indicates a more liberal justice, whereas a higher score indicates a more conservative justice.
Breyer had the second-most liberal score (-1.901), with Justice Sonia Sotomayor being the most liberal (-3.959), per a measure that score judges on a liberal-conservative spectrum.
- Most liberal: Sonia Sotomayor (-3.959)
- Stephen Breyer (-1.901)
- Elena Kagan (-1.508)
- John Roberts (0.506)
- Brett Kavanaugh (0.548)
- Amy Coney Barrett (1.011)
- Neil Gorsuch (1.11)
- Samuel Alito (2.162)
- Most conservative: Clarence Thomas (3.03)
Editor's note: This story has been updated to include Amy Coney Barrett, using a new analysis and scoring system.
