Worldwide, more than 4 billion people are connected to the internet, spending an average of roughly six hours per day on internet-enabled devices and services. In Thailand and the Philippines, average daily usage is 9.5 hours; in the United States, 26% of the population is online "almost constantly", and one billion more people in the world are projected to join the ranks of internet users by 2022.
Yet as we embrace the digital world, the complexity of navigating it securely, efficiently and in a personalised manner becomes more acute. One promising solution is already being used in some countries: digital identification.
The case for "digital ID" -- the electronic equivalent of physical identification -- is strong. For starters, most internet users are unable to keep track of their digital footprint and find it inconvenient to register, authenticate and manage online accounts. On average, 90 online accounts are linked to every email address, and this total doubles every five years.
It is no wonder, then, that 25% of users forget one password at least once a day, and about a third of all calls to banks' call centres are requests to reset misplaced or forgotten passwords.
Carefully designed digital IDs can also help defend against data breaches targeting retailers, a growing concern for many consumers. In just the last two months, for example, security breaches were reported by the hotel chain Marriott and the popular Q&A website Quora, exposing the personal information of hundreds of millions of customers. As the scope and sophistication of hacks increase, the need for better security is obvious.
But perhaps the most compelling argument supporting digital IDs is the most basic: people in developing countries need them to prove who they are. According to the World Bank's ID4D initiative, nearly one billion people lack any legal identification, making it difficult or impossible to vote, bank, obtain subsidised food or buy property. Of the 1.7 billion adults who are currently unbanked, 20-30% cite their lack of documentation as a primary reason.
Recognising the problem -- and the potential -- dozens of countries are implementing digital IDs in some form. India's Aadhaar programme, for example, is a biometric "proof of identity" that covers 1.2 billion residents and is used to coordinate distribution of government benefits. In Estonia, 98% of the population have an electronic ID, and 99% of public services -- including voting -- can be accessed online.
The topic is also appearing more frequently on human-development agendas. In Africa, governments, development agencies and business leaders gather annually for the ID4Africa forum, which promotes "robust and responsible ID ecosystems".
The private sector -- led by the financial services and technology industries -- is taking steps to develop digital ID systems. For example, since 2003, a consortium of banks in Sweden has used BankID to authenticate digital transactions, and the system has since been adopted by the government to streamline access to public services and health records.
Yet, the reality is that digital ID programmes have had mixed success to date. While a few have achieved large-scale adoption, many have failed to attain even modest levels of usage.
Most of the world's digital IDs are limited in scope, enabling only a few of their many possible economic, political and social functionalities. Digital ID could play a much more expansive role in the way individuals and institutions interact with each other.
Digital ID systems that succeed in driving high adoption could create significant economic value for individuals, businesses and government institutions. As we document in a new report, digital IDs have the potential to reduce fraud rates, cut customer acquisition costs, expand financial inclusion and deepen savings and credit for under-banked customers. They can also spur development by enabling digital talent matching and streamlined employee verification, resulting in higher participation in the labour market.
Digital IDs could even establish a means to control data and digital footprints in interconnected online systems. Overall, we estimate that high adoption of digital ID could help produce economic value equivalent to 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) in a typical advanced economy and as much as 6% in a typical emerging economy.
Digital ID technologies are, however, akin to dual-use technologies that can be used both to the benefit of society and for undesirable purposes. Poorly planned digital ID systems do carry risks. Without proper design principles and controls, a digital ID system can put enormous power into administrators' hands, enabling unfair discrimination or other inequities
To mitigate these risks, countries will need to develop tough data protection and privacy laws, as well as robust enforcement and security measures. Advances in registration and authentication technologies -- such as electronic cards, cryptography and biometrics -- will help, but strong policies will also be essential.
Still, while the challenges are real, our research shows that the economic, social and political benefits are simply too great to ignore. If governments and developers are aware of the risks and act to minimise them, digital ID could become a key to inclusive growth.
Anu Madgavkar is a McKinsey Global Institute partner in India. Olivia White is a partner in McKinsey's San Francisco office. ©Project Syndicate, 2019. www.project-syndicate.org
