Smacking children or dealing out other physical punishment, which has been banned in Scotland since November 2020, can make children more aggressive and withdrawn, new research suggests.
The researchers found no evidence that physically punishing children makes them behave better, and causal evidence that it makes them worse.
Since last year parents and carers in Scotland have not been able to use the excuse of 'reasonable chastisement' if they are accused of hitting a child.
The same rule is not in place in England where physical punishment can still be doled out.
But physically punishing children makes their behaviour worse rather than better, according to a review led by UCL and an international team of experts.
They have analysed 20 years of research, looking at 69 global studies.
The studies show that across the world two thirds of children aged between two and four are regularly subjected to physical punishment by their caregivers.
Researchers say so far 62 sovereign countries, including Scotland and Wales, have banned the practice.
Lead author Dr Anja Heilmann, of the UCL Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, said: “Physical punishment is ineffective and harmful, and has no benefits for children and their families. This could not be clearer from the evidence we present.
“We see a definitive link between physical punishment and behavioural problems such as aggression and antisocial behaviour.
“Physical punishment consistently predicts increases in these types of behavioural difficulties.
“Even more worrying are findings that children who are the recipients of physical punishment are at increased risk of being subjected to more severe levels of violence.”
Senior author Elizabeth Gershoff, Amy Johnson McLaughlin Centennial Professor in Human Development and Family Sciences at the University of Texas at Austin, added: “Parents use physical punishment with their children because they think doing so will lead to better behaviour.
“But our research found clear and compelling evidence that physical punishment does not improve children’s behaviour and instead makes it worse.”
No study found physical punishment reduced problem behaviour. No improvements were found in children’s attention, cognitive abilities, relationships with others, reactivity to stress, prosocial behaviour or social competence among children who were physically punished.
The study, published in The Lancet, found the detrimental outcomes occurred irrespective of the child’s sex, ethnicity, or the overall parenting styles of the caregivers.
Jillian van Turnhout, co-author of the paper and a former Senator in the Irish Parliament, added: “As a former parliamentarian who championed the change in the law in Ireland and directly supported the legislative change in Scotland and Wales, I know the importance of ensuring an evidence base for policy and legislation.
“This review has documented compelling evidence that hitting children doesn’t work, and in many cases, it is harmful.
“A home should be a safe place for children, yet in many countries, the law can make it one of the most unsafe places for them.
“Countries need to do all they can to ensure that all children have equal protection from all forms of harm, including physical punishment.”
Dr Heilmann concluded: “This is a public health issue. But physical punishment is not only harmful – it also violates children’s human rights.
“The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is clear that children should have the same level of protection from all forms of violence that adults have.
“Countries where physical punishment is still legal must act and honour their obligations under the UNCRC by prohibiting physical punishment in all settings.
“In the UK this means that England and Northern Ireland should follow the example of Scotland and Wales and give children equal protection in law.”
The research was funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the UK Economic and Social Research Council.
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