NEW DELHI : Vaccine efficacy against severe covid-19, even for the delta variant, is so high that booster doses for the general population are not appropriate at this stage in the pandemic, a review published in The Lancet has concluded.
The review summarizes the currently available evidence from randomized controlled trials and observational studies published in peer-reviewed journals and pre-print servers. Averaging the results reported from the observational studies, vaccination had 95% efficacy against severe disease both from the delta variant and from the alpha variant, and over 80% efficacy at protecting against any infection from these variants, noted the review.
The review was conducted by authors at the Food and Drug Administration, USA, University of Washington, University of Oxford, UK, University of Florida, USA, University of the West Indies, Jamaica, University of Bristol, UK, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, South Africa, Universite de Paris, France, the INCLEN Trust International, India and the World Health Organization (WHO), Switzerland.
A consistent finding from the observational studies is that vaccines remain highly effective against severe disease, including that from all the main viral variants, the review said. Although vaccines are less effective against asymptomatic disease or against transmission than against severe disease, even in populations with high vaccination coverage, the unvaccinated minority are still the major drivers of transmission, as well as being themselves at the highest risk of serious disease, said the authors.
“Taken as a whole, the currently available studies do not provide credible evidence of substantially declining protection against severe disease, which is the primary goal of vaccination. The limited supply of these vaccines will save the most lives if made available to people who are at appreciable risk of serious disease and have not yet received any vaccine. Even if some gain can ultimately be obtained from boosting, it will not outweigh the benefits of providing initial protection to the unvaccinated. If vaccines are deployed where they would do the most good, they could hasten the end of the pandemic by inhibiting further evolution of variants," said Dr Ana-Maria Henao-Restrepo, WHO, lead author of the review.
The authors noted that even if levels of antibodies in vaccinated individuals wane over time, this does not necessarily predict reductions in the efficacy of vaccines against severe disease. This could be because protection against severe disease is mediated not only by antibody responses, which might be relatively short-lived for some vaccines, but also by memory responses and cell-mediated immunity, which are generally longer-lived. If boosters are ultimately to be used, there will be a need to identify specific circumstances where the benefits outweigh the risks.
“The vaccines that are currently available are safe, effective, and save lives. Although the idea of further reducing the number of covid-19 cases by enhancing immunity in vaccinated people is appealing, any decision to do so should be evidence-based and consider the benefits and risks for individuals and society. These high-stakes decisions should be based on robust evidence and international scientific discussion," said Dr Soumya Swaminathan, WHO chief scientist and co-author of the review.
Even without any loss of vaccine efficacy, however, increasing success in delivering vaccines to large populations will inevitably lead to increasing numbers of vaccinated people, decreasing numbers of unvaccinated people, and hence an increasing proportion of all cases being breakthrough cases, especially if vaccination leads to behavioural changes in vaccinees. But, the ability of vaccines to elicit an antibody response against current variants indicates that these variants have not yet evolved to the point at which they are likely to escape the memory immune response induced by the vaccines, the review said.
Even if new variants that can escape the current vaccines are going to evolve, they are most likely to do so from strains that have already become widely prevalent, the authors noted. “Therefore, the effectiveness of boosters developed specifically to match potential newer variants could be greater and longer lived than boosters using current vaccines. A similar strategy is used for influenza vaccines, for which each annual vaccine is based on the most current data about circulating strains, increasing the likelihood that the vaccine will remain effective even if there is further strain evolution, the review said.
