BEIJING _ Last week, South Korean officials announced that North Korean leader Kim Jong Un had executed one senior official, allegedly for slouching at a political meeting, and banished two others to re-education camps.
News of political violence in North Korea is nothing new _ the communist country is known for its opacity and brutality. But for many dedicated North Korea-watchers, any developments within the country's highly secretive political class are cause for speculation.
Here's what experts are saying about the latest round of punishments.
Q: How much do we know about this execution?
A: Not much. South Korean officials told reporters that North Korea executed Kim Yong Jin, a 63-year-old deputy premier of education, in July by firing squad. Yet local media gave few details and attributed them to anonymous sources. South Korea's Unification Ministry spokesman Jeong Joon Hee confirmed the execution during a news conference Wednesday, according to CNN.
The briefing followed a report a day earlier by JoongAng Ilbo, a South Korean newspaper, claiming two senior North Korean officials _ former agricultural minister Hwang Min and senior education ministry official Ri Yong Jin _ had been executed with antiaircraft guns in August.
Whether the three executions were related remains open-ended.
Q: So what does it take for a North Korean official to get executed?
A: Slumping, according to this week's announcement. Kim Yong Jin, the education official, "was investigated by the North's intelligence agency due to his sitting posture shown at a key parliamentary meeting held in late June," reported South Korea's Yonhap News Agency.
But very little about North Korean society is clear-cut or straightforward.
"This current story is that he shrugged _ that there was some kind of insubordination," said John Delury, a North Korea expert and professor at Yonsei University in Seoul. "But seemingly a very petty act of insubordination. So we assume from that, oh, Kim Jong Un is violent, and extremely insecure. If somebody doesn't stiffen their back when they walk in the room, he executes them."
The North and South have technically been at war since the Korean War in the 1950s, which ended in an armistice. According to Delury, the two sides "are always badmouthing each other _ that's par for the course."
Q: So what's actually going on?
A: We might never know. North Korea's state media rarely runs anything about its "supreme leader" other than strongman photos and ebullient praise.
Q: What does South Korea make of all this?
A: South Korea points to killings and recent defections by high-level officials as signs of cracks in the regime.
The country has no shortage of North Korean sources, both at the highest levels and the grassroots. Last month, a top-level diplomat in the U.K.'s North Korean embassy defected to the South, according to authorities in Seoul. In April, 13 employees of a North Korean-run restaurant in China fled to South Korea for asylum.
But the regime shows no obvious signs of rupture, and Kim's father and grandfather ruled for decades without facing any serious opposition.
Seoul hasn't always guessed correctly at its neighbor's maneuvers. A North Korean general labeled dead by South Korea popped up in May at a ruling party congress. Earlier this year, southern intelligence officials failed to notice its rival had prepared for a fourth nuclear test.
"We are hunting around for anything we can grasp onto that the place we hate is about to collapse," said Robert Kelly, an associate professor of international relations at Pusan National University in South Korea. "But we'll never really know."
Q: How much do we know about Kim Jong Un's motives?
A: Again, very little. The last known execution of such a high-ranking official took place in 2013, when North Korea said Kim had executed the second in command _ his own uncle, Jang Song Thaek. North Korea's state media outlet, the Korea Central News Agency, released a 2,700-word statement calling Jang "despicable human scum" and accusing him of plotting to overthrow the government. Experts believe the new leader more likely wanted to eliminate older cadres who questioned his rule.
Q: How long has this kind of thing been going on?
A: A long time. Since leaders proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Korea in 1948, the country has led a brutal existence, marked by intermittent purges.
Its first leader, Kim Il Sung, carried out bloody re-education campaigns for his nearly half-century reign. Kim Jong Un followed his father into power in 2011 and since has pushed out certain military and political elites in an effort to consolidate authority. A United Nations report in 2013 called Kim Jong Un's public executions "one of the dreadful tools" used to rule by fear.
Q: Why would North Korea use antiaircraft guns to execute officials?
A: We can't be too sure that it did.
"Anytime there's an execution now, you'll see the claim somewhere that they were killed with antiaircraft guns _ it's like a meme out there," Delury said. "North Korea is a violent place. But I don't think it's the kind of place where you get blown up with an antiaircraft gun because you shrugged at a meeting."
