Pope Francis has apologised for angrily smacking a woman's arm after she grabbed his hand and yanked him towards her.
The 83-year-old pontiff's unusual apology came after he used his first homily of the new year to denounce violence against women, which he compared to profaning God.
Francis said he had lost his patience while the woman held onto him and he had set a "bad example" for twice striking her in a bid to get her to release her grip.
The encounter happened on New Year's Eve while the pope did a walkabout in St Peter's Square in the Vatican.
The pilgrim, who has not been identified, unexpectedly seized his hand and pulled him towards her, causing him evident alarm.
A clearly disgruntled Francis wrenched himself free by slapping down at her arm.
The pope addressed the incident as he spoke to thousands of pilgrims gathered in St Peter's Square on Wednesday at the end of the traditional New Year Mass.
He said: "So many times we lose patience, even me, and I apologise for yesterday's bad example."
He had used the service to issue a forthright condemnation of the abuse of women in modern society.
"All violence inflicted on women is a desecration of God," he told a packed St Peter's Basilica.
"How often is a woman's body sacrificed on the profane altar of advertising, profit, pornography," he said, adding that the female body "must be freed from consumerism, it must be respected and honoured".
Despite creating life, women "are continually offended, beaten, raped, forced into prostitution" and made to have
abortions, he said.
"We can understand our level of humanity by the way we treat a woman's body," he told the congregation.
During his homily, Francis also addressed another theme close to his heart, immigration, saying women who moved abroad to provide for their children should be honoured, not scorned.
"Today even motherhood is humiliated, because the only growth that interests us is economic growth," he said.
"There are mothers, who risk perilous journeys to desperately try to give the fruit of the womb a better future and are judged to be redundant by people whose bellies are full of things, but whose hearts are empty of love."
The leader of the Roman Catholic Church, which allows only unmarried men to be ordained as priests, also said women "must be fully involved in decision-making processes".
The pope said last April the Church had to acknowledge a history of male domination and sexual abuse of women.
A month later, he appointed for the first time four women to an important Vatican department that prepares the major meetings of world bishops.
