Come along on Super Sunday!
It’s Super Sunday this week everyone, so join us on Sunday night as we will bring you the latest from Poland, Portugal and Romania after the three countries head to the polls to choose their leaders.
The polling stations in Romania close first at 7pm BST (8pm CEST, 9pm EEST), followed by Poland and Portugal an hour later.
I will bring you all the key updates through the evening, including exit polls, reactions, and our snap analysis of what it means for Europe from myself in Warsaw and my colleagues across the Guardian network of correspondents, including Sam Jones and Jon Henley who led our coverage on Portugal and Romania, and Jennifer Rankin in Brussels.
But for now, that’s all from me, Jakub Krupa in Warsaw, for today. Look out for more our stories from Poland over the weekend, though!
Questions over alleged foreign interference, cyber-attacks and shadowy ads dominate final day of Polish campaign
The closing days of Poland’s presidential campaign were thrown into disarray by reports of Russian-inspired cyber-attacks and mounting confusion over a shadowy online operation that reportedly targeted two right-wing rivals of centrist frontrunner and Warsaw mayor, Rafał Trzaskowski.
The controversy erupted earlier this week following a report from Poland’s national cybersecurity body, NASK, which warned of “new information operations aimed at destabilising the electoral process” via social media.
In a statement, the institute said it had identified patterns of behaviour and social media accounts that were “consistent with the Russian Federation’s propaganda,” prompting fears of attempted foreign interference.
But separately, NASK also said it responded to more than 130 political ads on Facebook that were paid for by a foreign entity, not officially affiliated with any candidate, and benefited from a higher spend over the last seven days than that of any of the parties involved in the election, exceeding 420,000 złoty (around £83,000).
In its statement, NASK warned the effort could be a “provocation” intended to discredit the candidate it appeared to support.
However, a follow-up investigation by Polish news outlet Wirtualna Polska cast doubt on suggestions of foreign interference. Their reporting claimed the operation may have actually been supported by domestic campaigners, including a group of activists previously linked to the ruling party, which backs Trzaskowski, although questions over their funding remained open.
The publication also pointed out some inconsistencies in the official explanations, with Facebook owner Meta denying that it blocked the adverts on NASK’s request, as the authority had claimed.
Trzaskowski’s team denies any involvement in or knowledge of the campaign, but the two allegedly affected rivals – conservative Nawrocki and libertarian far-right Mentzen – sought to place the blame on the frontrunner in the final hours of the campaign.
The revelations have triggered calls for a deeper inquiry into what happened, with some worries that the incident could even open a way for the losing candidates to try to legally challenge the result of the vote.
Opposition leader Jarosław Kaczyński of the Law and Justice party said it was “very, very important” to probe the issue further, and that it was “possible” that it could trigger a constitutional crisis, although he said his party did not want that to happen.
Adding to the chaos, the ruling Civic Coalition party revealed later on Friday that it was hit by a separate cyber-attack affecting its website. NASK said it was responding to the incident, confirming that the attack was attributed to a pro-Russian hactivist group, NoName057.
Polish prime minister Donald Tusk also referred to the alleged attack, blaming “a group of Russian hackers” and adding that they also took aim at the websites of two minor coalition parters.
He said the attack was “on-going,” with relevant authorities responding.
With the continuing Russian aggression on neighbouring Ukraine, the broader geopolitical and defence context featured prominently in the Polish campaign.
Last month’s Opinia24 poll for TVN24 showed that Poland’s security was considered by voters to be the most important issue in the campaign, at 51%, coming ahead of the healthcare system reform (44%) and the economy (38%).
So I sat down with Justyna Gotkowska, deputy director of the Centre for Eastern Studies in Warsaw, to ask about the election’s significance in the region and what to expect as the outcome of the election.
Here is what she told me:
“Poland’s defence and foreign policy may see some subtle shifts following this election. While the two main candidates hold contrasting views on the European Union, they are largely in agreement when it comes to the importance of Nato and of preserving the transatlantic alliance.
The timing couldn’t be more critical. Europe is trying to convince the US to increase the necessary pressure on Russia to secure a ceasefire and set the stage for peace talks, and, alternatively, maintain this pressure if Moscow opted to continue the war.
Meanwhile, the US is also reassessing its defence posture in the region – a move that could carry implications for Poland. Whoever takes office next will be stepping directly into these unfolding dynamics.
Though the overall direction of Polish foreign policy won’t change dramatically, the winner’s preferences could tilt the country slightly more toward Brussels or Washington. Each candidate brings different strengths to the table, particularly in personal diplomacy. Still, it’s important to remember that it is the government that holds most of the policy-making power.
In today’s polarised landscape, some degree of tension is almost inevitable. Regardless of who wins, Poland’s next president will probably face some tricky relationships – whether with the US, Germany, France, or perhaps Romania, should Simion come to power there.”
Updated
In the last few days there were also some unusual crossovers, with the winner of the first round in Romania, George Simion, joining the conservative opposition candidate in Poland, Karol Nawrocki, on the campaign trail.
“Together when we win, on 18 May, we will build a Europe of values, a Europe of homelands, in which we will not allow the EU to centralise,” Nawrocki told his supporters in Zabrze, AFP reported.
Speaking alongside him, Simion said: “We will oppose illegal migration, we will stop the anti-American change in Europe. You are our brothers.”
But Simion’s appearance sparked a public condemnation from Poland’s prime minister Donald Tusk, who branded him a “pro-Russian” leader.
“Nawrocki and his pro-Russian Romanian counterpart George Simion on one stage five days before the presidential elections in Poland and Romania. Everything is clear,” he said on X.
But Simion didn’t hold back, replying with a photo of Tusk standing with Vladimir Putin after the 2010 Smoleńsk air disaster that killed 96 including Poland’s then president and senior members of the country’s political elite, saying:
“In this photo is Putin’s man in Poland. The whole of Europe knows it. Nobody believes your lies and hypocrisy anymore, Donald!”
During the week, Simion also met with Tusk’s predecessor, Mateusz Morawiecki and other conservative European leaders, including Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni.
The European tour was seen by analysts as a way to brush up his foreign and defence policy credentials before what is likely going to be a very close run-off this weekend against the centrist Bucharest mayor, Nicușor Dan.
But that tension between Simion and the Polish centrists make you wonder how the Polish-Romanian relationship could look if, as the polls seem to suggest, Simion indeed wins in Romania, but it’s not Nawrocki, but a Tusk ally, Rafał Trzaskowski, who gets elected in Poland…
One to watch.
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Polish voters talk about their expectations, hopes for new president - video
Over the course of this week, I spoke with dozens of voters about how they feel about various candidates, the elections more broadly, and what do they want to see from the new president.
Here is what I heard from them:
Tusk party urged to show it is not ‘deceiving women’ on abortion, campaigners say
Poland’s presidential elections on Sunday are a “historic, groundbreaking” chance for Donald Tusk’s centrist party to show it was not trying to “deceive women” when it promised to change some of Europe’s most restrictive abortion laws, campaigners have said.
Five years after its near-total ban on abortion set off the largest protests in the country since the fall of communism, the elections will be critical in determining whether there will finally be change in Poland, said Antonina Lewandowska of Federa, the federation for women and family planning.
She said: “This is the election that will let us know how much of a chance we have to push through with an actual legislative change. This is the moment we will actually have the power to say: ‘You can do something, just as you promised.’”
In the lead-up to the 2023 parliamentary elections, the topic of abortion loomed large, with Tusk vowing that any government led by him would liberalise the laws within 100 days of being elected.
More than 500 days later, the near-total ban remains in place. Tusk has said his government has little room to manoeuvre given that president Andrzej Duda has a veto.
“And so if we come up with a president who would be willing to sign a new bill to improve access to abortion in Poland, it would be a historic, groundbreaking moment when the parliament actually has the possibility to do something,” said Lewandowska.
The onus would be on the government to carry through on the promises that were made to women, who turned out in record numbers to vote in 2023.
“That would be an ‘aha moment’,” she said. “It would be an opportunity to actually see whether they are willing to do something or were they just trying to buy time and deceive women who won the elections for the current governing coalition.”
Let’s go back to Poland and see what the key candidates are doing on the final day of the campaign.
The frontrunner Trzaskowski is on a massive tour of Poland with his wife, Małgorzata, and posted a picture of the pair inside their campaign bus enjoying a power-boosting coffee.
His opposition rival Nawrocki – an amateur boxer and an avid runner – sought to reassure voters that he is fit to withstand the difficulties of the last day of the campaign by posting a picture of himself doing push ups.
Despite the awful weather in Poland today, supporters of Adrian Zandberg seem to be enjoying the final day with a cheeky dance to a rather bizarre protest song about their favourite to the tune of Gala’s “Freed from desire.”
Over in Tirana, the Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy has also joined leaders attending a one-day European summit where security and defence issues are topping the agenda.
Zelenskyy, whose attendance has not been announced in advance, was seen being escorted into the summit by the country’s newly elected prime minister Edi Rama.
The European Political community Summit is the first major EU event to be held by the western Balkan state and comes just days after Rama won an unprecedented fourth term in office on the promise to deliver EU membership by 2030.
Rama has called the summit a tremendous source of pride for the former communist state – for decades Europe’s most isolated country under one of the most brutal regimes on the continent – saying it will provide “an inspiration and motivation to continue further on.”
Rama’s joy about hosting the event is perhaps best captured by the fact that he is wearing shoes with the logo of the summit on them…
Rama, the son of a sculptor and a painter himself before he ventured into politics, is an unorthodox figure in the world of European statecraft, known as much for his blunt speech as humourous approach to peers.
Asked on Wednesday, standing next to Britain’s visiting prime minister, Keir Starmer, whether he would be willing to enter a migration deal with the UK, the towering 6 ft 7 leader, a professional basketball player in his youth, shot back saying:
“We have been asked by several countries if we were open to it and we said no, because we are loyal to the marriage with Italy and the rest is just love.”
He may have been thinking of this when he jokingly greeted Italy’s Giorgia Meloni on bended-knee on the red carpet. However, it should be said that the off-shore agreement Albania has sealed with Italy has been replete with teething problems.
So far most comments on arrivals in Tirana, where European leaders meet for a gathering of the European Political Community, are about Ukraine, pressure on Putin, and potential further sanctions on Russia, so you can follow the latest on our Ukraine blog here:
But, but, but.
There is a picture that we just have to bring you here, and it’s showing Albania’s prime minister Edi Rama’s unusual welcome gesture towards his Italian counterpart, Giorgia Meloni, as he kneeled on the red carpet for her.
According to La Repubblica, Meloni reacted with amusement saying: “Edi, come on, now!” and laughing, before jokingly saying “he’s only [doing] this to [appear as] tall as me.”
Rama did the same when the pair met in Abu Dhabi in January, as he wanted to mark Meloni’s birthday so it could just be a play on that, but… still, amusing!
Meet the key players – Romania
In Romania, an ultranationalist, EU-critical Trump admirer is in a run-off against a centrist independent in a vote that analysts have called the most important in the country’s post-communist history.
George Simion, 38, who sports Maga caps, promotes a socially conservative agenda and wants the “Melonisation” of Europe and to halt military aid to Ukraine, won the first round comfortably with 41% of the vote, nearly double the score of his rival.
The second-placed Nicușor Dan, the 55-year-old mayor of Bucharest, has cast the runoff as a fight between “a pro-western and an anti-western direction for Romania”. Polls show the gap between the two narrowing, with one putting them neck and neck.
Riding a wave of voter frustration with Romania’s mainstream parties, Simion has promised, if he wins, to appoint as prime minister Călin Georgescu, the winner of last November’s cancelled vote.
Analysts have said a Simion victory could lead to the country swinging sharply to the right. A confidence-and-supply deal between Simion’s AUR party, the second largest in parliament, and Coalacu’s Social Democrats is seen as a post-vote possibility, as are snap elections.
The ballot is being closely watched by the EU, which could do without another disruptor in the region alongside Hungary and Slovakia. Also interested are nationalists – including in Washington – who accused Bucharest of trampling on democracy after the original vote was cancelled and Georgescu barred from standing in the rerun.
Portugal's far-right leader Ventura hospitalised
Far-right Chega’s leader André Ventura has been taken to hospital after another collapse during a rally days before the country votes in its third snap election since 2022.
Ventura, whose brash, blunt leadership style has helped make the populist, anti-immigration party Portugal’s third biggest political force, was taken ill at an event in the southern town of Odemira on Thursday, two days after a similar episode.
Videos from the rally showed Ventura, 42, grabbing his chest and trying to undo his tie before falling into the arms of aides who carried him away. He was taken to a local clinic and then transferred to a hospital in Setúbal, near Lisbon, to undergo a medical procedure.
Ventura had been discharged from hospital in Faro on Wednesday after his previous collapse. The hospital said he had had an oesophageal spasm caused by gastric reflux and high blood pressure.
Chega, which has campaigned on a promise to clean up Portuguese politics at the same time as increasing its rhetoric against the Roma population, has been hit by a series of damaging allegations relating to some of its members over recent months.
In January, Chega expelled one of its MPs from the party after he was accused of stealing suitcases at several airports. Another party member was caught drink-driving the same month, while a third has been charged with paying for oral sex with an underage male, who was 15 at the time.
Meet the key players – Portugal
Portugal is heading to the polls for its third snap general election in three years. The centre-right prime minister, Luís Montenegro, triggered Sunday’s vote in response to growing questions over his family’s business activities.
Montenegro, the leader of the Democratic Alliance (AD) platform that has governed Portugal since its narrow victory in last year’s election, has come under growing scrutiny relating to a data protection consultancy that he founded in 2021 and which he transferred to his wife and sons the following year.
Faced with questions over possible conflicts of interest, Montenegro – who has denied any wrongdoing or ethical breaches – staged a confidence vote in his administration in March, saying he wanted“to end the atmosphere of permanent insinuations and intrigues”. But he lost the vote and a fresh election was called.
Recent polls suggest a similar result to last time, putting the AD on about 33%, the opposition Socialist party (PS) led by Pedro Nuno Santos on 26% and the far-right Chega party of André Ventura on 17%.
Montenegro appears likely to once again fall short of a majority – even if he strikes a deal with the small Liberal Initiative party, which is polling at about 6% – and will struggle to govern, especially if the PS makes good on its threats to oppose his legislative agenda.
Although Montenegro has maintained his blanket ban on any deals with Chega, his government has been accused of pandering to the far right after it announced the expulsion of 18,000 irregular migrants during the election campaign. There has also been speculation that Montenegro’s own Social Democratic party could replace him with someone more amenable to working with Chega should he fail to deliver on Sunday.
Meet the key players - Poland
Let’s take a quick look at the latest polls in Poland, focusing on the two leading contenders – centrist Warsaw mayor Rafał Trzaskowski of the ruling Civic Coalition and his conservative rival, Karol Nawrocki, formally independent, but endorsed by the populist-nationalist Law and Justice party that ran the country between 2015 and 2023.
Remember: it’s the first round vote this Sunday, meaning that unless someone gets over 50% (which they won’t get), the top two go through to the run-off in two weeks’ time.
Very unusually for Poland, it looks likely they could come at under 60% in combined vote share this year – way below the 70-80% in previous elections, showing the levels of frustration with both parties that dominated the country’s political landscape over the last 20 years.
This creates more space for other candidates, including libertarian far-right Confederation’s Sławomir Mentzen, who even briefly challenged Nawrocki to second, but has faded in the last few weeks.
Outside the top 3, you will see a close battle for the fourth between the surging Adrian Zandberg of the leftist Razem (Together) party, centre-right Szymon Hołownia of Poland 2025, and Magdalena Biejat of the New Left (Nowa Lewica), the left wing of the ruling coalition. They are all polling somewhere between 5 and 8%, and their endorsements could play a significant role in the run-off.
The full 13-name lineup also features some fringe figures such as a nationalist far-right leader Grzegorz Braun, under probe for putting out Hanukah candles in the Polish parliament with a fire extinguisher and a post-communist left veteran Joanna Senyszyn.
Updated
Ukraine dominates headlines in Europe
Before we dive into Poland, Portugal and Romania any further, let me bring you some headline updates from across Europe, with lots of understandable focus on Ukraine -
Volodymyr Zelenskyy has sent a delegation to Istanbul for peace talks with Russia, paving the way for the first direct negotiations between the two countries since March 2022 – although Washington has warned that no breakthrough is likely unless Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin agree to meet.
Nato secretary general Mark Rutte praised Ukraine for attending the talks, and said it turns the attention to Putin as “all pressure is on him” to make progress in the peace process.
EU foreign policy chief Kaja Kallas said this morning that Russia was “clearly” not working for peace with Ukraine, as she urged leaders attending the European Political Community summit in Albania to ramp up the pressure on Russia to maintain its “political isolation.”
You can follow our separate live blog on Ukraine here:
Morning opening: Building up to Super Sunday
Good morning, or dzień dobry, from Warsaw, Poland, where 13 presidential candidates are up very early to make the most of the last day before the “electoral silence” kicks in ahead of this Sunday’s first round of the presidential vote.
With leading contenders hitting the campaign trail around 6am local time today, it’s going to be a long day ahead for them as they hope to convince some undecided voters in what looks like an increasingly tight race.
The frontrunner, Warsaw mayor Rafał Trzaskowski, popped in to a bakery in Myśliborz, while his main rival, conservative Karol Nawrocki, went to say hi to miners. You get the idea.
I have spent the last few days here talking to voters and attending rallies by candidates ranging from far-left to far-right, and I will bring you some of what I saw and heard today and over the weekend.
The candidates have only until midnight to campaign, and they want to make every minute count.
I will bring you more updates on this throughout the day, as we build up to Super Sunday with elections not only in Poland, with Portugal set to choose its next government and a super close presidential run-off in Romania.
But we will also keep an eye on the European Political Community summit in Tirana, Albania, where key European leaders are expected to talk about the future of the continent. Britain’s Starmer, Germany’s Merz, France’s Macron, Turkey’s Erdogan, Poland’s Tusk, and EU’s von der Leyen and Costa are all there.
I will bring you all the key updates throughout the day.
It’s Friday, 16 May 2025, it’s Jakub Krupa here, and this is Europe Live.
Good morning.
