Scientists recently discovered a new achievement for parrots, with an odd that raises questions about whether the experimenters or the birds know best.
Anastasia Krasheninnikova and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Germany tested four species of parrots in an experiment that required trading tokens for food and recently reported their findings in the journal Scientific Reports.
Scientists asked: "Would the birds resist an immediate reward to trade for something better?" Many species have shown the ability to hold off on an immediate treat, like a dry corn kernel for something tastier later on, like a bit of walnut.
Chimpanzees, monkeys and cockatoos, among other species, can defer gratification. But using tokens for trading had not been tried before in birds, Krasheninnikova said.
Here’s how it worked according to US media reports. First, scientists trained the birds, great green macaws, blue-throated macaws, blue-headed macaws and African grey parrots, to learn that they could barter tokens for foods of different value.
The test was conducted as follows: a metal hoop could be traded for a piece of dry corn, the lowest value food, a metal bracket for a medium-value sunflower seed and a plastic ring for the highest-value food, a piece of shelled walnut.
The birds were then offered various choices, like a piece of corn or the ring. They all reliably chose to forgo the corn and take the ring. Then they were able to trade the ring for a piece of walnut.
They also did well choosing a bracket instead of the corn, and in other situations where the token was of higher value than the food. The green macaws were consistently the best. The African greys, which have a reputation as very intelligent birds, did reasonably well on the obvious choices, but had some trouble when faced with a food and a token of the same value.
The right move, according to the experimenters, was to take the immediate reward of food. But the African greys, one in particular, often took the token. So instead of an immediate walnut it would get the ring and then trade it for a walnut.
Krasheninnikova said the answer behind the African parrot's trick might lie in the way that these birds enjoy manipulating objects. “We know they’re very playful,” she said. In other words, maybe, those birds were making the right choice after all. They would get a moment to hold the ring, and still get the walnut in the end. After all, it was the humans who decided that it was better to get the food right away, not the parrots.
