Mumbai's R-value increased to over 1 in September end, a recent study showed. 

The report showed, the R-value of Mumbai was 0.70 between August 10 and 13. It rose to 0.95 between August 13 and 17, went up further to 1.09 between August 25 and September 18, and dropped to 0.95 between September 25 and 27.  However, it again rose to 1.03 between September 28 and 30. 

The R-value calculated by researchers of the Chennai-based Institute of Mathematical Sciences. The Reproduction number or R refers to how many people an infected person infects on an average. An R-value smaller than 1 means the disease is spreading slowly. Conversely, if R is greater than 1, the number of infected people is increasing in each round - technically, this is what is called the epidemic phase.

Though the R-value of Mumbai climbed over 1 last month-end, the situation is better than Kolkata and Bengaluru. In Kolkata, the R-value has been over 1 since August and was 1.06 between September 29 and October 4. The same is close to 1 since last month and was 1.05 between September 28 and October 1. Meanwhile, in Delhi, Chennai and Pune, the R-value is below 1. 

 “If you look at these cities, you see that things aren't that rosy. At least three of the metros (Mumbai, Kolkata or Bengaluru) have R greater than 1 or very close to 1," said Sitabhra Sinha, who is leading the research at the Chennai-based institute. 

Also, these places exhibit large fluctuations. For example, Delhi had R-value greater than 1 between September 27 and 30, but less than 1 between September 30 and October 4, he said. 

"Things can switch very quickly from good to bad in smaller regions, because of the higher degree of variability when you are dealing with smaller populations, so it is difficult yet to say whether we are finally seeing the end-game (of the pandemic)," Sinha said.