In 1877, an American astronomer named Percival Lowell looked at Mars and saw something extraordinary: canals, which Lowell thought undoubtedly were a sign of life on the planet. Lowell proceeded to spread the news far and wide, even building an observatory in Arizona for the sole purpose of studying the engineering marvels. After all, if canals exist on Mars, that means some intelligent life forms had to have constructed them.
Of course, Lowell had misinterpreted the images from Mars. The striations he saw on Mars were an artifact, caused by poor optics technology and misinterpretations of actual features on the red planet.
That brings us to the coral-resembling "crystal" recent discovered on Mars.
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It looks like a flower, or maybe a piece of undersea life. As such, it is easy to see it and think that it might actually be a current or former living thing. NASA's Curiosity rover captured an image of this mineral deposit, which is just two-fifths of an inch wide. Though shaped like a sea sponge or fungus, the newly-dubbed Blackthorn Salt is comprised of minerals that exist after Martian rocks interacted with water long ago. By definition, this makes the Blackthorn Salt a diagenetic feature, or one that occurs after sediment is turned sedimentary rock. These which can be round or dendritic (branched) like the Blackthorn Salt.
"We've seen diagenetic features with similar shapes before," Dr. Abigail Fraeman, a planetary scientist and deputy project scientist for the Curiosity rover, told Live Science, "but this dendritic shape is particularly beautiful."
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Curiosity itself is a car-size rover more than six feet tall and with a seven foot arm that stretches toward rocks with the tools NASA scientists need in order to examine them. It can also bring rocks, soil and even air on board and study them directly on the rover itself. Curiosity is currently exploring Gale crater, which is 96 miles wide in diameter and can be found on the southeastern section of the planet. The central peak of Gale is Aeolis Mons, an 18,000 foot mountain. Curiosity is going to explore both that mountain and the nearby region.
Martian geology has surprised scientists before. Last year the scientists behind the Perseverance rover were baffled when they use a drill to extract rock samples and came back empty-handed. Although they could confirm that they had indeed drilled into the rock, they could not figure out why samples had not been collected — until they determined that their drilling had likely caused the rock to crumble into "small fragments." In other words, they had unintentionally pulverized the very materials they had hoped to study until they became an essentially useless powder.
As for people hoping that the Blackthorn Salt was actually proof of Martian life: Scientists now believe that if life does exist on Mars (or if it did previously), it would almost certainly be microscopic — no land-roving, multicellular Martian dinosaurs.
"I think the first thing to keep in mind in our expectations for life on Mars is that it's probably microbial," Dr. Woodward Fischer, a professor of geobiology at Caltech, told Salon last year. While they might have left a fossil record, it will not be as easy to detect as the existence of dinosaurs on Earth. Indeed, two NASA scientists claimed in 1996 that they accidentally found a fossilize microbe while looking through a Martian rock at over 100,000 time magnification. Although their assertion is controversial, it remains the most concrete case for life on Mars ever discovered. The fossilized object had many structures that indicate it came from a once-living microorganism. These include grains formed by pyrite, made from iron and sulfur, and which were nearly pure. The only known way to produce such pure crystals is through the biological processes inside the bodies of bacteria.
"When it comes to microbes, there is a fossil record, but it's much more subtle and it's much more nuanced," Fischer explained, since microbes express their diversity through their metabolism rather than their shape or form. As such, scientists seeking proof that life once existed on Mars are not going to seek out the same things as someone trying to find trilobite fossils. They will instead look for "certain minerals that the environment doesn't otherwise want to make, but the presence of biology there helps make those minerals," Fischer told Salon, such as certain iron oxide minerals. They might also look for microscopic preservation of parts of cells themselves" such as little filaments and little rods and balls that would actually reflect their former cells."
Unfortunately, because the Martian soil is so unpredictable — indeed, so literally alien — it is likely going to present more features like canals and flowers that could be mistaken as proof of life.
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