The price of Covid testing is likely to add hundreds of pounds to the cost of a holiday this summer - even for fully vaccinated passengers jetting to destinations classified as safe to travel.
Private tests can be as much as £120 at high street providers or in excess of £200 at some clinics. However, many airports and airports also offer facilities.
The UK Government traffic light system will class destinations based on a range of Covid-19 guidelines, including vaccination numbers, infection rates and a country's healthcare facilities.
Travellers returning from green list regions must take a pre-departure test and a PCR test on or before day two of their return, but there is no requirement to quarantine.
Arrivals from amber countries will need to quarantine at home for 10 days, in addition to tests, while arrivals from red countries must quarantine for ten days in government-managed hotel quarantine.
Selected destinations including Spain, Greece and Cyprus accept PCR tests performed at home and posted to a lab, others including Dubai insist the test is performed at a registered test facility.
Some airlines are also offering discounts to help keep travel costs down and details are correct at time of publication.
Here's what to expect from some of the UK's biggest carriers, with information provided by Which?.
British Airways
British Airways links to four PCR test providers that provide Fit to Fly certificates for departure from UK.
Passengers can access a discount code to obtain a passenger discount. Costs after the discount range from Nomad (£166 after 15% discount), City Doc (£93 – after 38% discount), Medicspot (£127 after 15% discount) and Halo (£75 – after 16% discount).
Tests are available at home or at clinics around the country. Halo also offers a PCR saliva test – meaning you spit into a pot rather than using uncomfortable swabs. It’s important to make sure that this test is accepted by a destination country.
easyJet
easyJet offers discounts for tests from Randox Health, with home tests available for £72 instead of £120.
However, some destinations only accept tests performed by a health professional.
Jet2
Jet2 has a deal with Living Care Group, which offers tests for passengers for £75.
Ryanair
There are no discounts available for passengers but the budget airline has links to private clinics around the country, with tests ranging from £149 to £214 for 48-hour turnaround.
Tui
Tui lists tests for £70 from Screen 4 or £89 from Randox.
Virgin Atlantic
No discounts available but the airline links to providers including Screen 4, which costs £105.
How is a PCR test taken?
Sample collection is done using a swab to collect respiratory material found in the nose. A swab contains a soft tip on a long, flexible stick that is inserted into the nasal cavity.
Further samples are also taken from the back of the throat.
The swab is sealed in a tube and then sent to a laboratory for testing.
Are tests needed for vaccinated passengers?
Some destinations will allow visitors to enter their country without testing if they have proof they have received both doses of the Covid vaccine.
But passengers returning to the UK must still take and pay for tests - even if they have been vaccinated.
Anyone returning to the UK from overseas, must take a pre-departure test. This includes cheaper lateral flow and Lamp tests with prices around £20-£30.
After arrival in the UK, PCR tests are mandatory from all travellers from abroad.
