India's rocket launch costs are much higher than those of the United States, according to a new study that highlights the importance of scale and technological experience as the country seeks to expand its space economy.
The average estimated cost of placing a kilogram of payload into low Earth orbit in 2025 was more than $13,000 in India, compared with $3,225 in the United States, the study published in Economics Letters found.
The study, by Alessio Terzi of the University of Cambridge and Francesco Nicoli of Politecnico di Torino, used a dataset of more than 6,740 rocket launches between 1960 and 2025 to estimate launch costs and the relationship between experience and costs across countries.
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Mint first reported the India-specific findings on Friday.
The findings come as India seeks to expand its space industry beyond government-led programmes and increase the role of private companies in satellite manufacturing, launch services and other space activities.
The study found that launch costs vary substantially across major spacefaring countries, with the United States at the lower end and India at the higher end. Europe, Russia, China and Japan were positioned between the two, it said.
| Country/region | Cost ($/kg) |
|---|---|
| United States | $3,225 |
| Japan | $5,287 |
| China | $5,809 |
| Russia | $6,682 |
| Europe | $9,897 |
| India | $13,302 |
The economists found that since 2010, only the United States and Europe have shown statistically significant "experience curves" in space launches, meaning costs have fallen as accumulated launch experience increased.
The improvement has been faster in the United States, the study said.
The findings point to the importance of increasing launch frequency and building technological capabilities as India develops its commercial space sector.
India has in recent years opened its space sector to private companies, with the government seeking to encourage domestic firms to develop launch vehicles and compete for a larger share of the global space market.
The cost estimates in the study should not, however, be interpreted as the price charged for an individual rocket launch. They are country-level estimates of the average cost per kilogram of placing payloads into low Earth orbit.
The researchers said the growing differences in launch costs could also have strategic implications, as access to space becomes increasingly important for communications, navigation, surveillance and other critical applications.
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The United States accounted for more than 80% of global payload sent to orbit in 2025, according to the study, underscoring its scale advantage in the launch market.
