The government has issued further information on how students will be graded following the cancellation of GCSE and A-Level exams.
Teachers will be asked to submit judgements on the grades their students were likely to receive to exam boards.
They will be asked to consider mock examination results as well as performance in non-exam assessments.
The Department for Education (DfE) says that guidance on how to do judge students 'fairly and robustly' will be issued to teachers.
The exam boards will then look at other relevant data, including prior attainment, and produce a calculated grade for each student.
It is hoped that students will be given these grades before the end of July.
Students will be able to appeal if they believe they have been given an unfair grade, and there will also be an option to sit an exam early in the next academic year, the DfE said.
Students will also have the option to defer for a year and sit their exams in summer 2021.
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Education Secretary Gavin Williamson said: "Cancelling exams is something no Education Secretary would ever want to do, however these are extraordinary times and this measure is a vital but unprecedented step in the country’s efforts to stop the spread of coronavirus.
"My priority now is to ensure no young person faces a barrier when it comes to moving onto the next stage of their lives – whether that’s further or higher education, an apprenticeship or a job.
"I have asked exam boards to work closely with the teachers who know their pupils best to ensure their hard work and dedication is rewarded and fairly recognised."
The government added that it will not publish any school or college level educational performance data based on tests, assessments or exams for 2020.
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