Tottenham Hotspur's squad has been the 10th costliest to assemble in Europe, according to a new report from CIES' Football Observatory.
The North London club have committed €551m (£472m) in transfer fees for the current group of players at Nuno Espirito Santo's disposal.
That figure includes €74m of add-ons and has risen €72m compared to this time last year when Spurs' squad was the 12th costliest.
Bryan Gil and Emerson Royal have arrived from Sevilla and Barcelona for £22.5m each this summer, in addition to Pape Sarr from Metz for £15m.
Seven players have left the club, including defenders Juan Foyth and Toby Alderweireld plus midfielder Moussa Sissoko for fees ranging from £13.5m to £3.1m.
The CIES formula takes into account loan departures but not those who are products of a club's academy.
They are one of half a dozen Premier League clubs in the top 10. Manchester City (€1.08bn) and Manchester United (€1.02bn) lead the way behind Paris Saint-Germain (€939m), Real Madrid (€787m) and Chelsea (€780m).
North London rivals Arsenal are in eighth place on €630m following a summer splurge of £148m.
Of the 20 English top flight clubs Norwich City have spent the least, €87m, followed by Watford on €97m and new boys Brentford on €109m. West Ham United's squad has cost €302m with Crystal Palace on €240m.
The average transfer fees committed per team averages €407m, CIES says, which dwarves the least costly of Europe's big five leagues - France's Ligue 1 on €130m, a figure massaged by PSG's huge outlay.
You can read the full report here.
