BERKELEY, Calif. _ When hundreds of activists on the left and the right converged in Berkeley last Saturday, things got ugly very quickly.
It was billed as a free-speech rally by conservative activists, staged in one of America's most liberal cities. But even before the event was set to begin, fists were flying and people were bloodied. In the end, 21 were arrested and police confiscated an array of heavy sticks, knives, and soda cans used as projectiles.
But what appeared to be a political event that devolved into violence was something more complex. The combatants on both sides were extremists who traveled from far and wide to make Berkeley their stage. Many freely admitted they were there to make trouble and that peaceful protest of President Donald Trump and other issues really wasn't their goal.
Much of the violence was recorded on cellphone cameras and posted on social media, where each side offered supporters their stories about what happened.
"People have to start throwing (things) in order to protect themselves," said a feminist demonstrator who called herself Emily Rose as she and her bloodied companion caught their breath during of Saturday's protest.
Her face was masked in a black-and-red bandanna, her small hands encased in black gloves on which was strapped a vial of pepper spray. Moments later, she was punched in the face during a fight with Nathan Damigo, who is a student at California State University, Stanislaus, a Trump supporter and founder of white nationalist organization Identity Evropa. He was not arrested.
White supremacists and the anti-fascist groups that oppose them have battled online and in person for a year, fueled by Trump's rise and the reaction to it. Both sides increasingly are coming to blows across the country, notably last year in Sacramento and a few weeks ago in Huntington Beach.
For reasons political and geographic, Berkeley is a particularly common battleground.
Uncertainty and disillusionment with the political climate has caused "a deeper tectonic shift within political extremes," said criminal sociologist Brian Levin, director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism at Cal State San Bernardino.
"They will glom themselves onto a tax day rally, a Trump rally, but there is a subgroup of extremists on both sides who are angling for a street battle," Levin said. Replayed to their audiences on social media, "it goes viral."
Saturday's demonstration was advertised as a "Patriot's Day" rally by the Liberty Revival Alliance, but for which there was no permit. It was held at the Martin Luther King Civic Center park, near the city police station. Nearby bank ATMs were boarded up and the downtown Starbucks restaurants, attacked in earlier battles, were evacuated.
The confrontation began two hours before the event and consisted largely of pushing and shouting matches interlaced with brief clashes of violence, pepper-spray assaults and explosives. The attendees represented a spectrum of neo-conservative and "alt-right" groups, including members of the paramilitary group Oath Keepers from as far away as Missouri, followers of the Proud Boys and those with anti-Semitic and neo-Nazi slogans.
Several hundred counter-demonstrators showed up, including feminists, and those who identified with By Any Means Necessary and various anti-fascist organizations that have a stronghold in the Bay Area. Large numbers of demonstrators wearing black masks massed under the red-and-black flags associated with socialist ideology.
Similar confrontations occurred in Berkeley in March and in February, when demonstrators were able to stop a planned speech by far-right commentator Milo Yiannopoulos.
The extremist groups have been around for years.
"But now it's burst out in multiple places," said Heidi Beirich, director of the Intelligence Project for the Southern Poverty Law Center, an advocacy group that monitors and opposes hate crimes. "This is entirely new and there's been a ton of it lately, and it seems to be out of control."
The environment in college communities is especially heated, she said, and the center is advising student affiliates on how to avoid being drawn into confrontations she said are largely geared toward generating publicity.
"Don't even get near them," she said. "Hold your own positive event, maybe on a different day."
The escalation in Berkeley bothers some of the college town's establishment.
"To the extent Berkeley is supposed to be representative (of liberal movements), we are being used," said David Gottfried, part of a group of residents who set up an "Empathy Tent" at the edge of the demonstration and encouraged the shouting masses to consider listening and talking to each other instead.
It wound up being hit by pepper spray.
"There was hardly anyone from Berkeley there, except of course the police," Gottfried said.
He worries that the product of the day would be an escalation of extremism.
Tim Mueller was the lone farmers market merchant who kept his tables of organic vegetables and beef open during the Saturday demonstrations as an act of defiance and political statement.
"I'm not willing to cede the space to... to this," he said. "It's testosterone poisoning on both sides. They come here to just start a fight."
Nearby, AJ Alegria of Sacramento ran from the crowd, blood streaming from his face, blinded by pepper spray.
"Ultimately the goal is to stop this and get back to dialogue," he said. "I thought we could pacify them, stop them." He admitted to using his fists, "after they hit first."
Most of those arrested Saturday were from the Bay Area, but some accused of battery came from Palmdale and Huntington Beach, according to a list released by police.
There was heavy police presence throughout the day. At times, officers formed a barrier between the opposing, shouting sides; at others, they moved to the edges to contain or corral the crowd.
As the day wore on, police officers arrived from nearby Oakland. Berkeley Officer Jenn Coats said the department trying to keep up.
"With each situation we learn and progress with our tactics," she said. "Hopefully things will be better as we go forward.... People have the freedom to express themselves."
Both sides tried to engage police in their fights, complaining loudly when officers stood back, even as many officers recorded the altercations with their own cameras. However, police waded in to make arrests when the most violent fighting broke out.
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Times staff writer Hailey Branson-Potts contributed to this report.
