LITCHFIELD, Minn. _ Not far from where Scott Glup maintains his U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service office near this Meeker County town of 6,650 residents, buffalo once abounded, also elk and red-winged blackbirds. Muskrats were plentiful, too, along with prairie chickens and enough ducks during spring and fall migrations to blacken the sky.
Supporting the life that supported those species were tens of thousands of potholes, wetlands and shallow lakes _ a watery landscape that to a visitor the other day seemed barely imaginable, given the checkerboard-like farm fields that now stretch in every direction.
Among the relative handful of wetlands and shallow lakes that remain in a seven-county region in this part of the state, 153 parcels called federal Waterfowl Production Areas (WPAs) are overseen by Glup and his staff.
Purchased beginning in the late 1950s with proceeds from federal duck stamp sales _ the stamps are required to hunt waterfowl in the U.S. _ the areas by law must be protected and managed for wildlife, including, in addition to ducks and geese, shorebirds, grassland birds, plants and insects.
It's a job Glup, a 33-year Fish and Wildlife Service veteran, takes seriously.
"We're on the front lines of protection," he said. "We want to protect these lands not only for this generation but for future generations."
The job is challenging because, in varying degrees, each of the WPAs in his district is a dumping ground for farmland drainage. The result, in many cases, is that silt carried by the drained water piles up sometimes 3 feet deep in the bottom of a wetland. At other times, so much water, some of it laced with farmland chemicals, enters a WPA that its capacity to support nesting waterfowl, or resting waterfowl, is diminished.
One result: fewer ducks _ and fewer ducks is one reason a record-low number of waterfowl hunting licenses were sold in the state last fall.
For about 150 years, Minnesota has drained land to grow crops. The earliest beneficiaries were settlers who pushed west of the Mississippi following statehood, along with the railroad and grain barons who bought, stored, transported and traded the wheat, oats, corn, barley, rye, buckwheat and other produce grown by the state's newest residents.
Litchfield, in fact, was founded in 1869 and is named after the English financier E. Darwin Litchfield, a major stockholder in the old Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad.
E. Darwin probably wouldn't recognize the region today, so much has changed.
Yet a few constants remain, among them rain, snow and snowmelt. All of which _ just as in the late 1800s _ must end up somewhere.
But because so many of the region's many thousands of wetlands and shallow lakes are gone, drained first by horse-drawn trenchers and more recently by subsurface "pattern tiling," much of today's rain, snow and snowmelt no longer slough into nearby wetlands to infiltrate the ground slowly, en route to aquifers below.
Instead, in many cases the water follows a Byzantine labyrinth of ditches, streams and rivers that surge not only through most WPAs but also through state Wildlife Management Areas before, ultimately, dumping into the Mississippi River flowing south, or the Red River streaming north.
Whatever the negative impacts of drainage, the practice has multiple advantages for modern farmers, foremost of which are higher corn and soybean yields.
Those yields are subsidized in various ways by every Minnesota taxpayer.
The nearly $500 billion federal farm bill, for example, incentivizes (or restricts) drainage through crop subsidies it offers (or doesn't). Also, farmers can deduct drainage-installation costs from their income taxes, in turn spreading the costs among all taxpayers. And when drainage goes awry, such as during springtime floods, taxpayers pay cleanup costs, sometimes to the tune of millions of dollars.
There are other costs, too.
Glup and his staff must be paid to combat the effects of drainage on wildlife areas. Ditto local Department of Natural Resources wildlife managers and hydrologists. And millions upon millions of dollars have been spent purchasing wildlife lands in Minnesota, some with funds originating with the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment, which fractionally increased the state sales tax everyone pays.
