Dominic Raab has agreed with international allies to work on "safe passage and exit arrangements" for thousands of vulnerable Afghans desperate to leave the country.
Diplomatic sources said they discussed how to ensure the Taliban stands by its commitment to allow safe passage for refugees authorised to enter third countries.
The British evacuation operation at Kabul Airport wound up at the weekend but there are fears that some Afghans who may be eligible to come to the UK have been left behind.
The Government admitted it was "impossible" to say how many people may have been left behind amid concern the number who qualified is higher than originally thought.
Labour claims there MPs have 5,000 potential refugee cases in their inboxes and said the Government's figures for those eligible are a "serious underestimate".
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The Foreign Secretary has come under fire for failing to talk to his Pakistani counterpart until one week after the fall of Kabul - and for showing little interest in the region in the months before.
Pakistan's National Security Advisor has warned that abandoning Afghanistan, rather than having a diplomatic relationship with the Taliban, could also cause a mass wave of refugees.
The UK hopes international alliances can be formed to exert a "moderating influence" on the Taliban regime.
Mr Raab held talks with G7 and Nato members, including the US, as well as Qatar and Turkey to find an international consensus on how to deal with Afghanistan's new regime.
A spokesman said: "The Foreign Secretary emphasised the importance of working with like-minded partners on safe passage and exit arrangements for eligible Afghans remaining in the country.
"He affirmed Taliban assurances that foreign nationals and Afghan citizens with travel authorisation will be allowed to depart the country, but underlined we must judge them on their actions, and whether people are allowed safe passage to leave."
French President Emmanuel Macron has said France, Britain and Germany were working on a UN plan to establish a safe zone in Kabul to allow safe passage for people desperately fleeing.
But ministers suggested such a move would be difficult to maintain without Western troops on the ground.
The Government is under pressure to announce which other routes out of the country might be safe.
Home Secretary Priti Patel faces questions over where eligible Afghans should go to apply for the ARAP scheme, and how the main resettlement scheme will work for those still stuck.
In a letter to her, shadow home secretary Nick Thomas-Symonds said: "The Government's appalling handling of the Afghanistan collapse has left many thousands of people stranded, fearing for their lives.
"Despite having 18 months to prepare for this, the lack of planning by ministers has been unforgivable and they haven’t learned the lessons, and we are still awaiting details on the schemes to help people who have been left behind.
"The Afghan people, to whom we owe a duty, deserve so much better than this.”
Mr Raab also said the UK and allies will use "all means available" to combat the ISIS threat in Afghanistan - including military ones.
But officials refused to be drawn on reports that the Americans kept open Kabul Airport's Abbey Gate, the site of a suicide bomb attack, to allow the Brits more time to evacuate.
