Protests are raging across Europe in opposition to new lockdown restrictions amid a fresh wave of coronavirus on the continent.
A demonstration in Rotterdam, Netherlands, ended in bloodshed after police opened fire and seven people were injured.
The city’s mayor Ahmed Aboutaleb called it “an orgy of violence” and police blamed football hooligans for the chaos.
Tens of thousands of people protested in the Austrian capital Vienna following the announcement of a new lockdown and plans to make vaccines compulsory next year.
Meanwhile, anti-vaxxers gathered in the centre of Zagreb, Croatia's capital, to vent their anger over mandatory vaccinations for public sector workers.
Some demonstrators wore the yellow Star of David in a twisted reference to the Nazi persecution of Jews, euronews.com reports.
Crowds also marched through Zurich and Lausanne, in Switzerland, ahead of a national vote on vaccine passports.
In Italy, a few thousand anti-vaxxers descended on the ancient Circus Maximus chariot-racing ground amid a range of new measures in the country.
Trains in Italy can now be stopped if any passengers appear to be infected, while taxi drivers are required to have a Covid passport.
Germany has also joined other European countries in taking drastic steps to stop Covid by banning unvaccinated citizens from using public transport or going into the office from next week.
Lothar Wieler, the head of the Robert Koch Institute government agency, said Germany faced a "horrible Christmas" unless action was taken.
He added: "We’ve never been as worried as we are right now. The outlook is bleak, extremely bleak. Anyone who can’t see how serious it is is making a big mistake.”
In Vienna, protesters streamed into Heroes' Square in front of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace in central Vienna, whistling, blowing horns and banging drums.
Many demonstrators waved Austrian flags and carried signs with slogans such as "no to vaccination", "enough is enough" or "down with the fascist dictatorship".
Roughly 66% of Austria's population is fully vaccinated against Covid, one of the lowest rates in western Europe.
Things were more violent in Rotterdam, where cars were set on fire during protests on Friday.
Police had fired warning shots and used water cannons to disperse crowds.
The Netherlands has imposed a 7pm curfew for pubs and restaurants to try and curb rising Covid cases.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that Europe is at the epicentre of the pandemic.
A statement by the body's regional director for Europe earlier this month said the current situation was "alarming".
However, the UK is not expected to see a spike in Covid cases like Europe, according to a SAGE adviser.
Professor John Edmunds, who is a member of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), today urged those who are eligible for their booster jabs to get them adding "it is pretty clear immunity does wane".
He told Sky: "What you see now in central Europe with these rapid increase in cases, you see the importance of vaccination."
