A little-known COVID-19 variant named 'Cicada' is gaining attention as it begins to spread across various areas, raising concerns about its potential impact. Although it remains a relatively small part of the overall case numbers, experts are closely monitoring its growth and characteristics.
Understanding what this variant is, where it is appearing, and who might be affected is essential in assessing the ongoing threat of COVID-19. With experts warning that its mutations could affect immunity, the public health response remains focused on vigilance and vaccination.
What is the 'Cicada' Variant (BA.3.2)?
Cicada is a nickname assigned to the COVID-19 variant BA.3.2 due to its highly mutated genetic structure. It was first identified in a traveller arriving in the United States in June 2025. Since then, it has remained largely under the radar, earning its name because it has stayed 'underground' or undetected for years. Dr Robert H. Hopkins, Jr., medical director of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, explained that the nickname refers to the insect's rarity and infrequent emergence.
The first case in the United States was confirmed in January 2025. Since then, the CDC has found evidence of the variant in wastewater samples across at least 25 states, including California, Florida, Illinois, and New York. These samples were collected from water sources such as sewage and stormwater runoff, indicating community spread. Globally, the variant has been reported in more than 20 countries, with the earliest case detected in South Africa in November 2024.
BA.3.2's notable characteristic is its significant number of mutations (between 70 and 75) setting it apart from previous strains like JN.1, which has dominated the US in recent years. These mutations make the virus distinct and raise questions about its ability to evade immunity from prior infections or vaccinations. The CDC emphasises that monitoring this variant offers vital insights into its behaviour and potential threat level.
Where Is BA.3.2 'Cicada' Spreading?
The CDC's latest data, as of 11 February 2025, shows the presence of BA.3.2 in 25 states, including California, Texas, New York, and Virginia. The variant was detected through wastewater testing and voluntary nose swabs from travellers. As of mid-March, data from WasteWaterSCAN, a tool developed by Stanford University, indicated that BA.3.2 was present in approximately 3.7% of wastewater samples nationwide.
Currently, the dominant strain remains XFG, accounting for about 53% of samples, with LF.7 comprising roughly 10.3%. While BA.3.2's spread has increased, it has not yet become the predominant strain. Internationally, it already accounts for up to 30% of sequences in Germany and some Northern European countries such as Denmark and the Netherlands.
Dr Hopkins pointed out that the mutations in BA.3.2 make it less likely that existing vaccines will be highly effective against it. However, he stressed that more data is needed to understand its real impact. He also mentioned the possibility that Cicada could become the dominant strain in the US, although this remains uncertain. Concerns persist that if it does spread widely, it could lead to a summer surge of cases.
Symptoms and Impact of Cicada
The symptoms associated with BA.3.2 are similar to those of other COVID-19 variants. The CDC lists common indicators such as a runny or stuffy nose, headache, fatigue, sneezing, sore throat, and cough. Changes to the senses of taste and smell are also typical, along with reports of increased throat pain described as a 'razorblade throat' in some cases.
Dr Hopkins stated that there is no evidence indicating that Cicada causes more severe illness than other circulating variants. He noted that the symptoms are generally typical of COVID-19 infections, with severe sore throat being a prominent feature in some reports.
What Does This Mean for the Public?
The spread of BA.3.2 shows the importance of ongoing surveillance and vaccination efforts. Low vaccination rates and limited public health measures could leave populations vulnerable to new variants. Experts emphasise that keeping up with vaccinations and testing remains vital in managing the virus's spread.
