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ABC News
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Health
North America bureau chief Jade Macmillan and Joanna Robin in Washington DC 

Before Roe v Wade fell, Gerri Santoro's death galvanised America's abortion movement. This is her story

A police photograph of Gerri Santoro, an American woman who died alone in a motel room after an unsafe abortion, became a symbol of the abortion rights movement across the United States. (ABC News: Emma Machan)

A woman lies dead on a motel room floor, her naked body hunched over a blood-soaked towel.

She died alone, abandoned by her lover after a failed self-induced abortion in 1964.

Her name was Gerri Santoro.

But when a shocking photo of her then unidentified body was published in a national magazine, she became a defining symbol of the abortion rights movement in the United States.

She was 28 years old.

Warning: This article contains details readers might find distressing. 

The black-and-white image of Ms Santoro's death was published without her family's permission, appearing under the headline Never Again, shortly after the US Supreme Court handed down its opinion on Roe v Wade in 1973.

The landmark ruling effectively enshrined Americans' right to access abortion, regardless of which state they lived in.

Nearly 50 years later, it has now been overturned.

Supporters of abortion access say the toppling of Roe v Wade will lead to more pregnant Americans attempting dangerous back-alley terminations.  (Supplied: Mridula Amin )

The fall of Roe means an immediate return to a patchwork of state laws governing where and under what circumstances abortion is legal.

At least half of all US states are expected to outlaw abortion entirely.

Ms Santoro's niece, Toni Elka, fears the decision will put the lives of another generation of women at risk.

The woman behind the symbol

Gerri Twerdy was raised alongside 14 siblings on a farm in rural Connecticut.

While Gerri Santoro is remembered for a photo taken after she died, her family wants to celebrate the woman she was when she was alive.  (Supplied )

She was 18 years old when she met Sam Santoro, the man who would become her husband, at a bus stop.

Even for the early 1950s, they married quickly, and the new Ms Santoro soon showed signs of physical abuse, her relatives later recalled.

The couple stayed together for years and had two daughters together, briefly moving to California before she fled back to her childhood home, taking the girls with her.

Ms Elka's memories of her aunt are nothing like the image the world came to know and whose name and face still appear on the placards of abortion supporters.

Protesters who support abortion access held up Gerri's photo outside the US Supreme Court as a majority of justices voted to overturn Roe v Wade.  (Supplied: Mridula Amin)

"She was a young woman. She was really a fun, fun person," she said from her home in Boston.

"She would come and pick us all up and we would go swimming and go to the beach and hang out, and she was just a blast."

It was while living at home that Ms Santoro began a relationship with, and fell pregnant to, a man named Clyde Dixon.

The tragedy in a motel room 

In the 1995 documentary, Leona's Sister Gerri, friends recalled her desperation to end the pregnancy, fearing her husband would find out.

A former detective said Mr Dixon sought advice and borrowed tools from a friend whose wife was a doctor so he could perform the abortion himself.

When the procedure did not go to plan, he fled before later turning himself into police.

Ms Santoro tried calling the home of her sister, Ms Elka's mother, Leona (Gordon), before Ms Santoro died, but Ms Gordon was out.

A motel cleaner found Ms Santoro's body the next day.

"I wasn't aware at the time of how she died," said Ms Elka, who was then 12 years old.

"I just knew that she'd called my mother. And then she was dead.

"And my mother wasn't there. And my mother was suffering."

Ms Elka described her family as having been working-class, with very low incomes.

She said her mother struggled to process her grief on top of working in a factory and raising five children.

"The impact on our family, I can't overstate it," she said.

"I really, honestly believe that every one of us was broken by that day — and by that situation that didn't have to be true.

"Because the fact is that if my aunt had had money, she would have had a safe abortion somewhere. And she didn't."

'She represented every woman'

In January 1973, nearly a decade after Ms Santoro died, Roberta Brandes Gratz was working as a freelance journalist in New York City.

She had recently written a series of articles on abortion access and was working on a feature story for Ms magazine, which was founded by feminist activist Gloria Steinem.

"Abortion was very illegal, but many women were having them," Ms Brandes Gratz told the ABC by phone from Manhattan.

Roberta Brandes Gratz wrote the magazine article that made the image of Gerri Santoro an icon of the abortion movement.  (Supplied: Roberta Brandes Gratz)

At the time, abortion was often "a life and death decision", she said, but on January 22, 1973 it was suddenly redefined as the right of all Americans.

"It was a shocking photograph. But then, so much had already shocked me in terms of knowing the stories of so many women," she said. 

When the Supreme Court delivered its ruling on Roe v Wade, it effectively guaranteed nationwide access to abortion until about 24 weeks of pregnancy.

"We hustled and I rewrote the article to coincide with a decision, and we ran a photograph secured from the Connecticut Department of Health," Ms Brandes Gratz said.

"I, and the editors at Ms, all felt very similarly that she represented every woman, potentially every woman who was forced to have an illegal abortion."

The photo became shorthand for the dangers of a world without safe, legal abortion.

It was embraced by the abortion-rights movement as a visual counterargument to the graphic images of dead fetuses used by anti-abortion activists.

But its publication shocked and upset Ms Santoro's family, including her sister, who stumbled on it in the magazine.

"Although it didn't name any names, it dawned on me that this was the picture of my sister," Ms Gordon told filmmaker Jane Gillooly.

"It brought all of these horrible things back to my mind that I'd been trying to forget."

Brandes Gratz recalled feeling embarrassed when she was contacted by one of Ms Santoro's daughters in the 1990s to appear in the documentary, realising she had not paid attention to the woman behind the image.

But she believes the photo has become a powerful symbol that still resonates.

"It became iconic," she said.

At times, Ms Brandes Gratz has grappled with the decision to publish Gerri Santoro's photo, but believes it was an important moment for the abortion movement.  (Supplied: Roberta Brandes Gratz)

"It showed the world what the fate of women was, for those who could not have a legal abortion.

"It says everything that needs to be said about the issue in one photograph."

And despite her initial reaction, Ms Gordon later became proud of the photo.

In the documentary, she is filmed at a rally, holding up a poster with the words: "This is my sister" above the image.

"My mother really, really loved her sister. And she did right by her," Ms Elka said.

"She said, 'This is what happens when women lose the right to choose'."

A return to pre-Roe America

Ms Elka fell pregnant at 18 years old, three years before Roe v Wade, and is grateful her mother was able to find enough money to send her interstate for a safe abortion.

Gerri's name and picture featured prominently in protests outside the US Supreme Court as the justices inside ruled on abortion access.  (ABC News: Peter Jones)

Now the ruling is overturned, at least 26 states are likely to ban or tightly restrict abortion access for millions of Americans, including 13 that passed "trigger laws", written to automatically go into effect.

She said she is worried about what will happen to women in states with bans coming into place who cannot afford the same option.

"Low-income women and children, like my aunt, and my mum and my cousins and my siblings and I will be the ones who pay the big price," she said.

"People are going to die.

"Wonderful women who need a chance to do what's right for themselves and their families are going to be punished."

Gerri's sister Leona died last year, but her daughter said she would be stunned by what had unfolded.

But Ms Elka still has hope for the fight still ahead.

"Women will not give up," she said.

"It's a setback, and it's a terrible setback. But it's not over."

Additional reporting by Chloe Ross

Toni Elka, Gerri's niece, went to a protest in her home town of Boston when the court ruled to topple Roe v Wade.  (Supplied: Toni Elka )
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