In O Carballino, a Spanish town proudly dubbed the 'octopus capital', a curious paradox unfolds.
Despite its towering bronze octopus statue, streets lined with traditional 'pulperias', and an annual festival drawing thousands, the century-old octopus factory at its heart hasn't sourced a single animal from local waters in a decade.
Inside the humming factory, workers prepare dozens of octopuses for vacuum-sealed bags, destined for restaurants and retailers across Europe, Asia, and the United States.
This thriving global appetite, however, contrasts sharply with the mollusc's increasing scarcity in its native waters.
Carlos Arcos, export manager of Frigorificos Arcos SL, explains the challenge: "Here in Galicia, octopus has become really, really variable and scarce."
He adds, "If you’re industrialising a process like we do, you need to guarantee your customers regularity of supply." This necessity has led to a complete shift in sourcing, with 100 per cent of the company’s octopus now imported from Mauritania and Morocco.
While octopus numbers fluctuate naturally from year to year, scientists and fishers say Spain’s long-term trend is downward and surging international demand is only tightening the squeeze.
That’s prompted some companies to explore farming the animals in tanks to ensure a long-term supply — a prospect that’s drawn pushback from animal welfare groups.
Pressure forces closure of Spain's octopus fishery
This summer, that pressure reached a breaking point. Spain’s octopus fishery closed for three months — an unusually long pause meant to give it time to recover.
“The population has only just come back, but once the season opens, we’ll destroy it all in two weeks,” said Juan Martínez, a fisherman of more than four decades.
Beside him, hundreds of octopus traps sat idle, stacked along the dock in his home port of Cangas. “This used to be a sustainable industry, but now we’ve broken an entire ecosystem.”
Octopus populations in Galicia also depend heavily on nutrient-rich upwelling — deep ocean water rising to the surface and bringing food for octopuses — said Ángel González, a research professor at the Spanish National Research Council.
While upwelling naturally fluctuates, climate change is altering wind patterns, ocean stratification and nutrient delivery, making those cycles less predictable and, in some years, less productive. “When that weakens due to changing oceanographic and atmospheric conditions, numbers drop regardless of fishing.”
In response to growing demand and shrinking wild stocks, some companies in Spain are attempting to farm octopus in captivity — a move they say could ease pressure on the oceans.
Grupo Profand is developing a research hatchery in Galicia focused on overcoming the biological challenges of breeding octopus. Meanwhile, seafood giant Nueva Pescanova is pursuing a full-scale industrial farm that would raise up to a million octopuses a year for slaughter.
Grupo Profand did not respond to an interview request. A spokesperson for Nueva Pescanova declined to comment.
Animal welfare groups say octopus shouldn't be farmed
Animal welfare groups have condemned the proposed project as inhumane, citing plans to kill octopuses by submerging them in ice slurry and to confine the often-cannibalistic animals at high densities.
They also warn it would pollute nearby waters with discharged waste, worsen overfishing of wild fish used for feed and inflict suffering on one of the ocean’s most complex creatures.
“Farming wild animals is cruel, but especially with octopuses given their solitary nature and extremely high intelligence,” said Helena Constela, head of communications at Seaspiracy, a group that advocates against industrial fishing. Keeping them confined together in tanks, she said, is “basically torture in slow motion.”
Michael Sealey, senior policy advisor at Oceana Europe, said aquaculture should focus on species with lower environmental costs, such as oysters and mussels, which require no fish feed. “We recognise that aquaculture has a role to play in feeding the world,” said Michael Sealey, senior policy advisor at Oceana Europe.
“But we need to prioritise low-impact farming — not systems that rely on feeding wild fish to carnivorous species.”
Widespread concerns have already prompted action in the United States. Washington became the first state to ban octopus farming in 2024, followed by California, which also outlawed the sale of farmed octopus.
Lawmakers in more than half a dozen other states have proposed similar bans, and a bipartisan federal bill to prohibit both farming and imports of farmed octopus is under consideration in Congress.
Though no commercial farms currently operate in the U.S., these preemptive measures reflect mounting unease over projects moving ahead in Europe, Asia and parts of Central and South America — unease fueled in part by the 2020 Oscar-winning documentary “My Octopus Teacher,” which showcased the animals' intelligence and emotional complexity to millions on Netflix.
The arguments in favor of farming
“They have a real brain. They’re able to do things other animals cannot,” said González of the Spanish National Research Council.
“But please — don’t cross the line. It’s an animal, it’s an invertebrate. We can’t extrapolate these kinds of things. Personality is linked to persons.”
González, who is working with Grupo Profand on their research hatchery, believes farming could help restore wild stocks by raising juvenile octopuses in captivity for release back into the sea — an approach animal welfare groups argue could pave the way for industrial-scale farming.
Javier Ojeda, national aquaculture representative at APROMAR, Spain’s aquaculture business association, said aquatic animals can play a key role in food security and may be more efficient to raise than livestock.
“Octopuses grow extremely fast and efficiently — they’re not fighting gravity and they don’t spend energy heating their bodies," he said. He acknowledged welfare concerns but argued they should not block scientific progress.
“Farming octopus is something that cannot be stopped,” said Ojeda. “We’ve been eating them for a long time. Now we need to try to find best practices.”
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