A "live list" that monitors and quantifies vaccination information on social media is being called for as the number of Australians following public Facebook groups containing anti-vax information grew nearly 300 per cent during the pandemic.
The findings, in research by Reset Australia, come around the same time as Australia's vaccine hesitancy rates rise.
The report, Anti-vaccination and vaccine hesitant narratives intensify in Australian Facebook Groups, identified 13 public Facebook groups that have had anti-vax information posted in them and with users based in Australia, and tracked their growth between January 2020 and March 2021.
The 13 included several anti-lockdown style groups.
During the research period, subscription to these groups grew by 280 per cent.
As of March 2021, these groups had more than 115,000 members combined, generating more than 2.66 million interactions.
Common themes that Reset Australia found included threats to civil liberties and personal freedoms that lockdowns pose.
Themes also included:
- the safety and efficacy of vaccines including the promotion of treatments using Ivermectin (201 mentions) and Hydroxychloroquine (601 mentions);
- mandatory vaccination programs (1649 mentions);
- the political and economic motives of leading political figures such as Bill Gates (1390 mentions) and Dan Andrews (1592 mentions); and,
- well-established and novel conspiracy theories such as the The Great Reset (927 mentions).
Coinciding with vaccine hesitancy
Reset Australia is an independent research and advocacy organisation driving awareness of and solutions to address "the digital threats to democracy". It said the surge in online followers coincided with Australia's growing vaccine hesitancy.
A University of Melbourne survey found the percentage of Australians willing to get the COVID-19 jab fell by from 74 per cent to 66 per cent between October 2020 and February this year.
Earlier this month, Canberra's GPs reported that about one-third of patients booked to get the jab cancelled.
Reset Australia's executive director Chris Cooper said its research showed "a direct correlation between surging anti-vax misinformation on Facebook and Australia's growing vaccine hesitancy".
"Social media has supercharged conspiracy theories and misinformation, pushing some people into echo chambers where false information is all they see," Mr Cooper said.
Mr Cooper said such public groups were often gateways to private groups that shared even more radical and extreme content.
"Public Facebook groups are the tip of the iceberg when it comes to track and tracing anti-vax and COVID-19 misinformation," he said.
"The real danger of rampant vaccine hesitancy and scientific scepticism is tucked away in algorithm-created bubbles of Facebook, YouTube and Twitter, where ideas fester and spread, unseen and unchecked by mainstream conversation."
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'Strongly condemn' misinformation
Tim Flynn, founder of an anti-lockdown group on the list, said it was not for anti-vax messages or misinformation and disinformation about vaccines.
"It was established for ordinary Australians who considered that lockdown was a blunt policy instrument and that the societal and economic costs of this policy should have been factored into decision making," Mr Flynn said.
"We have consistently avoided spreading misinformation and have had a policy of disseminating articles from mainstream and reputable media, government and university sources.
"In terms of vaccination, we are supportive of vaccinations in general and welcome the COVID vaccination."
The policy of the group, which is being rebranded, was developed in consultation with members.
A key point is the group "strongly condemning other anti-lockdown groups who disseminate misinformation or allow the dissemination of misinformation regarding vaccination".
Mr Flynn, who has 30 years of experience in senior government financial roles, said the group had removed anti-vaxers and "many posts and blocked many members for disseminating misinformation regarding vaccinations".
Mandate for better COVID-19 response
As part of its research, Reset Australia has developed a policy, the Data Access Mandate for a Better COVID-19 Response in Australia, that would allow public health officials, researchers and journalists access to anonymised data about what COVID-19 related content is being shared in these kinds of private groups.
This policy would force social media companies to generate a live list of the most popular COVID-19 related URLs shared on their platforms, including in private and public groups, and keep it updated in real time.
"A live list would begin to quantify the extent of misinformation and help us target appropriate misinformation to disrupt the conspiratorial feedback loop," Mr Cooper said.
Australian Medical Association ACT president Dr Antonio Di Dio said those arguing on the basis of being "pro choice" rather than "anti vax" needed to see the broader picture about helping each other.
"If I get COVID, I might be completely fine, but 25 elderly people in a nursing home could die, so I'm not just getting the vaccine to protect myself, I'm getting it to protect everybody else," he said.
"Every one of us depends on each other and we all owe it to each other to protect each other.
"It's not just about vaccination but physical distancing and not being selfish in our behaviour."
Dr Dio said the comparison between the risks of being vaccinated and the risks of not being vaccinated was the "wrong comparison".
"People in the US, Brazil and all over the world are racing to have their vaccines as quickly as possible because the risk of the vaccine for them is 10,000 times safer than the risk of getting COVID, which has a huge mortality rate," he said.
"It's real and that's why the vaccine is part of an incremental strategy."
'Pro choice, not anti-vax'
Canberra woman Faye Thornhill believed people should have the choice to vaccinate and that the call for a mandated policy on social media was to "shut down any contrary views to make it impossible to access alternative views".
"This is authoritarianism at its ultimate worst - to have an unelected, unaccountable body censoring what Australians can say," she said.
"I am not addressing the lack of true science and validity of Reset Australia's underlying their views, but real science requires debate."
Ms Thornhill said she was concerned about "erosion of freedom of speech, erosion of the science method, strong media censorship labelling people 'anti-vaxers' instead of having a dialogue".
COVID-19 vaccines in Australia are voluntary - as are all other vaccinations.
The Australian Health Department states there may be future circumstances in which vaccination proof may be needed for border entry or reentry requirements.
