Civil rights groups are increasingly concerned that AI's rapidly spreading physical infrastructure is deepening climate burdens for communities of color.
Why it matters: Massive data centers require vast quantities of water, energy and land. Many of these centers are clustered in regions where marginalized communities already face higher levels of air pollution, industrial zoning and climate vulnerability.
- Civil rights groups say these impacts resemble earlier patterns seen with highways, refineries and manufacturing: pollution concentrated where political resistance is weakest and property values are lowest.
- Data centers can also consume millions of gallons of water per day and use as much electricity as a small city, driving up energy and water use costs for poor residents.
Zoom in: A supercomputer data center built by Elon Musk's xAI in Southwest Memphis, a historically Black neighborhood, faces a legal challenge from the NAACP. The group says the site's gas generators are violating the Clean Air Act.
- Nitrogen dioxide pollution near the site has spiked as much as 79%, according to Time, raising the risk of asthma and respiratory illness in a community already burdened by high pollution rates.
- Earlier this year, Brent Mayo of xAI said the data center was adding newer power-generation units that would make it "the lowest-emitting facility in the country." The company also touted on X its progress on a wastewater treatment facility.
In Amarillo, Texas, advocates are fighting what developers call the world's largest AI data center, warning it could drain the Ogallala Aquifer, a shrinking water lifeline for the Texas Panhandle and southern Great Plains.
- Latino residents and rural water advocates fear losing access to groundwater already stretched thin by agriculture and drought. The city's former mayor, working as a community lead on the data center project, says it will use closed-loop cooling that should minimize water usage.
Northern Virginia — site of the world's largest data center hub — is seeing mounting resistance in Loudoun and Prince William counties, where Black families say the build-out is overwhelming their communities.
Near Tucson, Arizona, a majority-Latino city strained by megadrought, a proposed "Project Blue" data center that activists say could consume millions of gallons of water per year.
- Activists warn the project could accelerate water scarcity for communities already facing heat stress and economic vulnerability.
- Beale Infrastructure, the developer behind Project Blue, told Axios that the data center's latest design will use a closed-loop air-cooled system, meaning that it will use no more potable water than a typical office space.
- A planned massive data center in Florida's St. Lucie County is also drawing intense opposition.
What they're saying: "Data centers by design do not have a lot of jobs. It's predatory. They target cities desperate for economic development," LaTricea Adams, CEO of the Memphis-based Young, Gifted & Green, tells Axios.
- "This is the Wild West. There's not even case law yet. What happens now will dictate the future of how data centers are regulated."
Between the lines: As AI data centers expand across the West, Indigenous nations say the industry is accelerating resource extraction without tribal consent.
The bottom line: The NAACP announced it's bringing together advocates, researchers and regional leaders for a two-day strategy summit in Washington, D.C., this week to discuss AI data centers.
- The civil rights group says the gathering will coordinate policy and legal action around what it calls "one of the nation's fastest-expanding environmental justice threats."
Go deeper: Springdale residents oppose AI data center proposal
